Topic : Balancing of Rotating masses

What is balancing of
rotating members?

Balancing means a process of restoring a

rotor which has unbalance to a balanced
state by adjusting the mass distribution of
the rotor about its axis of rotation
Balancing
"is the process of attempting to
improve the mass distribution
of a body so that it rotates in its
bearings without unbalanced
centrifugal forces”
Mass balancing is routine for rotating

machines,some reciprocating machines,

and vehicles

 Mass balancing is necessary for quiet operation,

high speeds , long bearing life, operator comfort,

controls free of malfunctioning, or a "quality" feel

 Rotating components for balancing

• Pulley & gear • Starter armatures

shaft assemblies • Airspace
components

• High speed
machine • flywheels • Impellers
tool spindles

• Centrifuge rotors • Electric motor • Fan and blowers

rotors

• Compressor • Turbochargers • Precision shafts

rotors

• crank shafts • Grinding wheels • Steam &

GasTurbine
rotors
 Shaft with
rotors

Bearing 1 Bearing 2

Unbalanced force on the bearing –rotor system

Cut away section of centrifugal compressor
Unbalance is caused by material inhomogeneity,
unavoidable manufacturing reasons, etc., i.e., the
of the mass center does not coincide with
(geometric center) the axis of rotation.
Balancing is the correction of this phenomena by
the removal or addition of mass
 Benefits of balancing
 Increase quality of operation.

 Minimize vibration.

 Minimize audible and signal noises.

 Minimize structural fatigue stresses.

 Minimize operator annoyance and fatigue.

 Increase bearing life.

 Minimize power loss.

NEED FOR BALANCING
Rotating a rotor which has unbalance
causes the following problems.

 The whole machine vibrates(source of

harmonic force).

 Noise occurs due to vibration of

the whole machine.

 Abrasion of bearings may shorten

the life of the machine.
 Rotating Unbalance occurs due to the following
reasons.

● The shape of the rotor is unsymmetrical.

● Un symmetrical exists due to a

machining error.
● The material is not uniform, especially in
Castings.
● A deformation exists due to a distortion.
● An eccentricity exists due to a gap of fitting.
● An eccentricity exists in the inner ring of
rolling bearing.
● Non-uniformity exists in either keys or key
seats.
● Non-uniformity exists in the mass of flange
 Unbalance due to
unequal distribution
of masses

 Unbalance due to
unequal distance of masses
. Types of Unbalance

Static Unbalance

 mr + mcrc = 0

Dynamic Unbalance

 mr + mcrc = 0

 mrl + mC2rC2lC2 = 0
 STATIC BALANCING
(SINGLE PLANE BALANCING)
F = m r 2
m
 Magnitude of
r unbalance
O2
Vibration
Elasticity of the bearing
occurs
F = m r 2
m
 Magnitude of
r unbalance
O2
Vibration
Elasticity of the bearing
occurs

if m increases r are also increases

Which one is beneficial?

 Balancing of several masses
revolving in the same plane using a
Single balancing mass

m3r3 2 y
m3  2
m2r2 
m2
2
1
3 m1 x
bearing m1r1 2

m4 mb
m4r4 2
Graphical method of determination
magnitude and
Angular position of the balancing mass

m4r4 2

m3r3 2
b

m b r b 2
O m2r2 2
m1r1 2

Force vector polygon

 Determination of magnitude and
Angular position of the balancing mass

m1r1 2 cos 1+ m2r2 2 cos  2

+ m3r3 2cos  3+ m4r4 2 cos  4

= mb cos b

m1r1 2 sin 1+ m2r2 2 sin  2

+ m3r3 2sin  3+ m4r4 2 sin  4

= mb sin b
magnitude ‘m b’ and position ‘b’ can be determined
by solving the above two equations.
Several masses revolving in different planes
Dynamic unbalance
Apply dynamic couple on the rotating shaft
F3

F2
RP

RP

F1 F4

C1
RP
 C2

F2 C4
C3
F1
F3

F4
Static balancing means sum of
centrifugal force vectors
transferred to the RP plane
must be equal to zero.
it means that we are making
mass Centre of force centre
coincide with geometric centre

 mr = 0
Dynamic balancing means in
addition to Static balancing
sum of centrifugal couples
transferred to the RP plane
also should be in equilibrium

 mr = 0

 mrl = 0
Balancing of several masses rotating in different planes

A B C D

Fc
End view Fb


Fd
Fa

L M
A L B C M D
ll lb

lc
lm
d
ld
 θd
θd

mc r c
mcrclc
mdrd θc mdrdld
θc

mlrl ? mmrm ? mbrb

mlrlll? mmrmlm ? mbrblb

mara

Force polygon couple polygon

 θd

mcrclc
mdrdld
θc

θm
mmrmlm mbrblb θd

-marala mc r c
mdrd θc
couple polygon
θl
θm mmrm

mlrl mbrb

mara
Force polygon
 A B C D
la
Fc
lb
lc
Fb
ld
Fa

Fl

Fm d
Fd
L, M
End view
Ref plane side view of the planes
 Fc
Fm =?
Cc
Fd
Fb
Fc
Fa Cb Fm
Cd Ca
Fl=Ml rl Fb

F l =? Cm=Mmrmd Fa

Fd Couple polygon force polygon

From couple polygon, by measurement, Cm = Mm X r m X d

From force polygon, by measurement, Fl = Ml X rl
Example :

A shaft carries four masses in parallel planes A,B,C,&D in this

order. The masses at B & C are 18 kg & 12.5 kg respectively and
each has an eccentricity of 6 cm. The masses at A & D have an
eccentricity of 8 cm. The angle between the masses at B & C is
100 o. The axial dist. between planes A & B is 10cm and that
between B & C is 20 cm. If the shaft is complete dynamic
balance,
Determine,
1 masses at A & D
2. Distance between plane C &D
3. The angular position of the mass at D
 C,12.5 kg
A B C D
10 cm
 =100 o
B,18 kg
20 cm

ld End view

Plane Mass Radius Force / 2, Dist. From Couple / 2 Angle (θ°)
M r Mr, ref plane Mrl
kg cm kg. cm l , cm kg cm 2
A Ma=? 8 8 Ma 0 0 ?
B 18 6 108 10 1080 0
C 12.5 6 75 30 2250 100
D Md=? 8 8 Md ld=? 8 Md ld ?
 B C C,12.5 kg
A D
10 cm  =100 o

20 cm
Md
ld Ma
Couple polygon force polygon
Md
d= 203o
8 Md =63.5 kg. cm
8 Md ld= 2312 kg cm 2 2,250 a= 263o
8 Ma = 78 kg .cm 75

O 1080
O
108
From the couple polygon,

By measurement, 8 Md ld= 2,312 kg cm 2


Md ld = 2312 / 8 = 289 kg cm
d= 203o
From force polygon,

By measurement, 8 Md = 63.5 kg cm

8 Ma = 78.0 kg cm

Md = 7.94 kg

Ma = 9.75 kg

ld = 289 /7.94 = 36.4 cm