Basic Power Supply

Norberto L. Trinidad, Senior Product Engineer

1
Trivia…
Why What Type
High V? of
conductor?
f=?

Aluminum
50/60Hz Reduce
Transmission
Loss2
Objectives
PROGRAM TITLE: Basic Power Supply Orientation
OBJECTIVE: Upon completion of the course, all of us should be able
to:
• understand the ins and outs of a typical power supply
• interpret and read schematic diagrams
• know the overview and explanation on how the power supply
works and delivers power to the load
• understand the differences between linear and switch mode
power supply
• learn the different building blocks of SMPS for improve
troubleshooting and failure analysis
TARGET PARTICIPANTS: Engineers, Supervisors and Technicians

3
Course Outline (1st day)
 Definition and explanation of Electrical quantities
 Introduction to Electrical Devices
 Network connections and computation of Passive Electrical Devices
 Basic Electrical Circuit Theory
 Power Sources (DC and AC)
 Definition of Linear and SMPS
 Basic Topology of SMPS

4
Course Outline (2nd day)
 Block Diagram of SMPS
 PWM driver operation (AS3842)
 Voltage reference(AS431) and Feedback circuit (opto-coupler)
 Housekeeping Circuit Identification (Feedback, OVP, OCP, OTP)

5
Introduction to Electronics
The people behind… Source: Wikipedia

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio

Anastasio Volta
• Italian physicist known for his development of the
first electric Cell in 1800.

• Developed the study of separate entities as the of

electrical potential (V) and Charge (Q). Volta’s
Laws of capacitance.

• Unit of electrical potential was named after him.

VOLTS

6
Introduction to Electronics
The people behind… Source: Wikipedia

Andre Marie Ampere

• French physicist and mathematician and usually
regarded as the discoverer of electromagnetism

• A polymath

• The SI (Systeme International) unit of

measurement AMPERE was named after him

7
Introduction to Electronics
The people behind… Source: Wikipedia

Georg Simon Ohm

• German physicist

• Ohm found out the direct proportionality between

the potential difference (voltage) applied across a
conductor and the resultant electric current also
known as the Ohm’s Law.

• Founded the fundamental relationships between

Volts, Current, and Resistances.

• Unit of measurement for resistance (OHM) is

named after him.

8
Introduction to Electronics
The people behind… Source: Wikipedia

James Watt
• Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer.

• Developed the concept of horsepower.

• Had studied steam engines performances at that time

and greatly improved the efficiency and power of the
steam engine design.

• The SI unit of power was named after him - WATTS

9
 THE POWER SUPPLY

What is a Power Supply (PS)?

• In simple term means a source of electrical power in relation to voltages
and currents.

• Is any means of providing power to an electrical or electronic circuit

(e.g. battery, generator, solar cell etc.)

• In electronics, it is generally a device or equipment that converts mains AC

into a steady DC.

• A device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to

an output load or group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU.

• The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less

often to mechanical ones, rarely to others.

10
I. Definition Electrical
Quantities

11
 Electric Charge

 An inherent physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force

when near other electrically charged matter.
 There exist two types of electric charges, called positive and negative
 Positively-charged substances are repelled from other positively-charged
substances, but attracted to negatively-charged substances
 Negatively-charged substances are repelled from negative and attracted to
positive.
 An object will be negatively charged if it has an excess of electrons
 An object will be positively charged if is has an lost of one or more
electrons

12
 Electric Charge

Electric field of a positive and a negative point charge

13
 Electric Voltage

 Is a representation of the electric potential energy per unit charge.

 We also need to know something about the force that causes the electrons
to move in an electrical circuit. This force is called electromotive force, or
EMF. Sometimes it is convenient to think of EMF as electrical pressure. In
other words, it is the force that makes electrons move in a certain direction
within a conductor.
 The energy required to move a charge from one point to another

14
 Electric Voltage

Input Voltage

𝜺 = electromotive force in volts, V

E = energy in joules, J
Q = charge in coulombs, C

Output Voltage

v = voltage across the load in volts, V

i = current passing through the load in amps, A
R = Resistance of load in ohms, Ω

15
 Electric Voltage

Example:
 Surplus of electrons is called a
negative charge (-). A shortage of
electrons is called a positive charge
(+).
 A battery provides a surplus of
electrons by chemical reaction.

 By connecting a conductor from the

positive terminal to negative
terminal electrons will flow.

16
 Electric Current

 Is a flow of electric charge through a conductive medium.

 In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in
a wire.
 Flow of electrons
Input current
i = measure of charge per unit time in amps, A
Q = charge in coulombs, Q
t = time in seconds, S
Output current

i = Measure flow of charge per unit time in amps, A

v = voltage across the load in volts, V
R = load resistance, Ω

17
 Electric Current

 Do you know how many electrons is passing if one coulomb

was delivered per second?

6,250,000,000,000,000,000
electrons

18
 Electric Power

 The rate at which electric energy is transferred by an electric circuit

 The rate of doing work, measured in watts.
 The electric power in watts produced by an electric current I consisting of a
charge of Q coulombs every t seconds passing through an electric potential
(voltage) difference.

P = is the measured power in watts, P

Q = charge in coulombs
t = time in seconds, S
I = current passing through the load in amps, A
V = voltage across the load in volts, V

19
 Power Factor

 Defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent
power in the circuit and is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1

20
Power Factor

21
 Frequency and Period

Frequency
• Is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time

Period
• Is the duration of one cycle in a repeating event

Period is the reciprocal of the frequency

f = is the frequency in Herts, Hz

T = is the period of a cycle in second, S

22
Frequency and Period

23
II. Introduction to
Electrical Devices –
Passive Devices

24
 Resistor

• Resistors determine the flow of current in an electrical circuit.

• Where there is high resistance in a circuit the flow of current is small

• Where the resistance is low the flow of current is large.

25
 Capacitor

 Capacitors are components that are used to store an electrical

charge and are used in timer circuits.
 A capacitor may be used with a resistor to produce a timer.
Sometimes capacitors are used to smooth a current in a circuit as
they can prevent false triggering of other components such as relays.
 When power is supplied to a circuit that includes a capacitor - the
capacitor charges up.
 When power is turned off the capacitor discharges its electrical
charge slowly.
26
 Inductor

 Is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in

its magnetic field
 Prevents a sudden change in current direction.
 Stores a potential difference with changes in current per unit time.

27
II. Introduction to
Electrical Devices –
Active Devices

28
 Diode

 A diode is a two terminal semiconductor device that allows electricity

to flow in one direction only and blocks the flow in the opposite
direction
 They may be regarded as one-way valves and they are used in
various circuits, usually as a form of protection (i.e. O’ring)

29
 Transistor

 A transistor is a three terminal semiconductor device designed to act

as electronic switch and amplifiers
 In SMPS transistor is operated as a switch with response of either
cut-off (turned off) or saturated (turned-on)

30
 Opto-coupler

 Opto-coupler basically is the same as BJT transistor

 Base terminal is compose of light emitting diode that transmit light to
the base terminal of photo-transistor
 Collector current is directly proportional with light intensity of the LED.

31
 Operational Amplifier

 Is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a

differential input and, usually, a single-ended output
 An op-amp produces an output voltage that is typically hundreds of
thousands of times larger than the voltage difference between its
input terminals

32
…Filler Topic
The Ohm’s Law
 The potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor is
proportional to the current through it.

I is the current in amps, A

V is the supply voltage in volts, V
R is a constant resistance, Ω

Material that obeys Ohm's Law is called "ohmic" or

"linear" because the potential difference across it varies
linearly with the current

Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is

constant, independent of the current
33
III. Network connections
of Passive Electrical
Devices

34
 Resistor Combinations

 Series connection

 Parallel connection

35
 Inductor Combinations

 Series connection

 Parallel connection

36
 Capacitor Combinations

 Series connection

 Parallel connection

37
 Voltage Divider

 In a series connection of resistive circuit, current is the same, voltage is divided.

38
 Current Divider

 In a parallel connection of resistive circuit, voltage is the same, current is divided.

39
IV. Basic Electrical
Circuit Theory

40
 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

 The algebraic sum of all voltages in a loop must equal zero

41
 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Example:

42
 Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

 The algebraic sum of all currents entering and exiting a node

must equal zero

43
 Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Example:

44
 Superposition Theorem

 States that a circuit can be analyzed with only one source of power
at a time
 The corresponding component voltages and currents algebraically
added to find out what they'll do with all power sources in effect
 To negate all but one power source for analysis,
– replace any source of voltage with a short;
– replace any current source with an open.

45
 Superposition Theorem

Example:

 1st Step: Negate one voltage supply one at a time

Figure 1: 7V negated with Figure 2: 28V negated with Short

Short
46
 Superposition Theorem

 2nd Step: Solve for the node voltages

7V supply negated

47
 Superposition Theorem

28V supply negated

48
 Superposition Theorem

 3rd Step: Determine the current flow direction and node voltage polarity

49
 Superposition Theorem

 4th Step: Determine the resultant voltage

50
Superposition Theorem

finally…

51
 Thevenin’s Theorem

 States that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no matter how

complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a single voltage source
and series resistance connected to a load
 Thevenin's Theorem is a way to reduce a network to an equivalent
circuit composed of a single voltage source, series resistance, and
series load.

52
 Thevenin’s Theorem

Example:

 1st Step: Find the Thevenin source voltage by removing the load resistor from the
original circuit and calculating voltage across the open connection points where
the load resistor used to be

53
Thevenin’s Theorem

54
 Thevenin’s Theorem
 2nd Step: Find the Thevenin resistance by removing all power
sources in the original circuit (voltage sources shorted and current
sources open) and calculating total resistance between the open
connection points

55
 Thevenin’s Theorem

 3rd Step: Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit, with the Thevenin
voltage source in series with the Thevenin resistance. The load
resistor re-attaches between the two open points of the equivalent
circuit.

56
 Thevenin’s Theorem

 4th Step: Analyze voltage and current for the load resistor following
the rules for series circuits.

57
 Norton’s Theorem

 States that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no matter how

complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a single current source and
parallel resistance connected to a load
 Norton's Theorem is a way to reduce a network to an equivalent
circuit composed of a single current source, parallel resistance, and
parallel load

58
 Norton’s Theorem

Example:

 1st Step: Find the Norton source current by removing the load resistor
from the original circuit and calculating current through a short (wire)
jumping across the open connection points where the load resistor
used to be

59
 Norton’s Theorem

 2nd Step: Find the Norton resistance by removing all power sources
in the original circuit (voltage sources shorted and current sources
open) and calculating total resistance between the open connection
points

60
 Norton’s Theorem
 3rd Step: Draw the Norton equivalent circuit, with the Norton current
source in parallel with the Norton resistance. The load resistor re-
attaches between the two open points of the equivalent circuit.

61
 Norton’s Theorem
 4th Step: Analyze voltage and current for the load resistor following the rules for parallel circuits.

62
 Nodal Analysis

 It is a circuit analysis procedure that begins with the node that has
the highest number of connected circuit with respect to ground and
follow the KCL analysis for each node circuit current.

Supernode

63
 Nodal Analysis

Example:

 1st Step: Label the node voltages with respect to reference ground
VB1 VA VB2

GND

64
 Nodal Analysis

 2nd Step: Write the KCL equation for each node by setting the total
current flowing in and out of the node equal to zero.

I1 I3

I2

65
 Nodal Analysis

 3rd Step: Solve for unknown voltages and currents

66
V. DC and AC Power
Sources

67
 What is a DC power source?

 Direct current (DC) Power source is used to refer to power systems

that use only one polarity of voltage or current, and to refer to the
constant, zero-frequency, or slowly varying local mean value of a
voltage or current

68
 What is an AC power source?

 Alternating Current (AC) Power Source is an electric current that

reverses its direction many times a second at regular intervals

69
What is an AC power source?

70
VI. Introduction to Linear
and Switch Mode Power
Supply

71
 Why do we need to understand the differences?

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72
 ACDC PSU Intention

220Vac +5Vdc

Alternating - AC Direct - DC

73
 The Power Supply

Definitions

• AC In - Input power source for the power supply circuit.

- 110V, 115V, 120V, 220V, 240V are some standard
voltages
- 50Hz, 60Hz are some standard frequency

• Transformer - device used for transfer of energy

- used for isolation on circuit design
(primary and secondary)
- steps up or steps down ac input voltages

74
 The Power Supply

Definitions

• Rectifier - device used to change AC to DC

- usual electronic component used is the “diode”
- half-wave, full-wave, center-tap are types of
rectification
• DC Filter - device used for filtering the rectified DC out
- usual electronic component used is the “capacitor”

75
 The Power Supply

Definitions

• DC out – The intended output of the ACDC power supply.

+5V, +3.3V, +12V are common DC output voltages.

• Load – Any end equipment or thing that requires the power

to function.

76
 The Power Supply

Block Diagram of Simple PS

DC OUT

AC in Transformer Rectifier DC Filter Load

77
 The Power Supply

Sample Circuit Diagram for Simple PS

60Hz rectifier
xformer

Vo
filter
cap

load

78
 The Power Supply
ID
VAC
VR w/o C
2VD
VR w/ C

0 ¼T ½T ¾T T 2T T

TCONDUCTION

IAC
79
 The Power Supply

Disadvantages of this Simple PS

• The circuit’s DC output is not regulated

• The DC output will not be steady for different conditions

of AC input voltages

• The DC output will not be steady for different conditions of

loads

80
 The Regulated Linear Power Supply

Block Diagram of Regulated Linear PS

DC OUT

AC in Transformer Rectifier DC Filter Regulator Load

The regulator’s function is to have a steady DC output with all varying

conditions of AC input and Load

81
 The Regulated Linear Power Supply

Three Common Types of Linear Regulators

• Zener Regulator - regulates dc output using “zener
diodes”

• IC Regulators - regulates dc output using

IC packages
- usually called the 3T
three terminal regulators

• Series Pass - regulates dc out using “series

pass” elements
- usual used are “transistors” w/ the
feedback circuit components
82
 The Regulated Linear Power Supply

Sample Circuit for Linear Regulated PS

Zener Regulator

83
 The Regulated Linear Power Supply

Sample Circuit for Linear Regulated PS

IC Regulator (3T)

84
 The Regulated Linear Power Supply

Sample Circuit for Linear Regulated PS

Series Pass

85
 The Regulated Linear Power Supply

VAC
VR w/o C 2VD
VR w/ C
VR w/reg

0 ¼T ½T ¾T T 2T T

86
 The Regulated Linear Power Supply

Disadvantages of this Linear Regulated PS

• Bulky Transformer especially w/ High Power Designs

• Low Efficiency

• Large Heat-sinks used for the transistors w/ High Power

87
 Linear vs. Switch Mode Power Supply

 Linear power supplies gain their name from the fact that they use
linear, non switching techniques to regulate the output from
the power supply

VS.

 A switched-mode power supply (SMPS, or switcher) is an

electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to
convert electrical power efficiently

88
 A GLIMPSE OF THE SWITCH MODE PSU…

The Regulated Switch Mode Power Supply

• Switch Mode PS (SMPS) were invented due to the
disadvantages encountered on designing and
using the linear PS.

• SMPS has higher efficiencies than linear PS.

• SMPS has compact designs compared to linear PS.

89
Some Comparison: Linear PSU vs. The Switch Mode PSU

 Advantages of Switching over Linear:

– Wider input range
– Higher efficiency
– Higher power density
– Longer hold-up time

 Advantages of Linear over Switching:

– Better line and load regulation
– Lower output peak to peak ripple
– Faster transient recovery

90
Summary: Linear PSU vs. The Switch Mode PSU

SPECIFICATION LINEAR PSU SWITCHING PSU

Line Regulation 0.02 - 0.05 % 0.05 - 0.1 %
Load Regulation 0.02 - 0.1 % 0.1 - 1.0 %
Output Ripple 0.5 - 2 mV RMS 25 - 100 mV P-P
Input Voltage Range ± 10 % ± 50 %
Efficiency 40 - 60 % 70 - 90 %
Power Density 0.5 - 1 W/in3 2.3 - 90 W/in3
Transient Recovery μsec
50 μsec
300
Hold-up Time 2 msec 32 msec

91
 The Switch Mode Power Supply

 Generally, of the “off-the-line” type

– AC input voltage is directly rectified and filtered without using
a 50/60Hz transformer.
– Rectified DC is chopped by a power switch at high frequency
to produce an AC signal which is then impressed across an
inductor for energy storage.
– The inductor current is fed to a capacitor w/c acts like a
stable voltage source for the load.

 Output voltage regulation is accomplished by varying the

switch duty cycle.

92
 The Switch Mode Power Supply

 High frequency switching (20KHz to 500KHz) enables reduction in

size of transformer, capacitors and inductors
 High efficiency, normally 70% to 90%

93
 The Switch Mode Power Supply

 Basic Requirements
• Provide required VOLTS and AMPS.

• Provide basic protection such as:

OVP - Over voltage protection
S/CP - Short circuit protection

• Provide additional protection as needed:

OCP - Over current protection
OTP - Over temperature protection

94
 The Switch Mode Power Supply

 Other Concerns of Switch Mode PSU

• EMI (conducted and radiated)

• Safety (UL standards, etc.)

• Quality and Reliability

• Manufacturability

• Cost

95
VII. Switch Mode Power
Supply Block Diagram

96
 The Switch Mode Power Supply

 Block Diagram

97
The Switch Mode Power Supply

 AC INPUT - The input power source of the whole Power

Supply Unit (PSU).
 PRIMARY PROTECTION CKT- Primary input circuitry
responsible for the protection of the PSU in any AC line
input abnormalities and its self-protection. Common parts
used here are fuses for current protection and voltage
dependent resistors (VDR's) for voltage protection.
 EMI FILTERS - Radio Frequency Interference could be
produced by the following:
 -Radiated Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) - noise travelling by radio
waves either coming from other near operating appliance or from the PSU
itself.
 -Conducted Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) - noise travelling through AC
line input. This is either caused by near operating appliance using the same
AC mains or from the PSU itself.
 RFI filters are used to make the PSU and other appliances immune to these
noises. Components used for RFI filters are inductors and capacitors.

98
The Switch Mode Power Supply

 AC INPUT RECTIFIER- Portion of the

PSU that converts AC to DC. The usual
rectifier used for a switching PSU is the
bridge type rectifier.
 FILTER (HIGH VOLTAGE DC)- consists
mainly of a high voltage capacitor (also
known as Bulk Capacitor) that maintains
a stable DC level of the rectified DC.

99
 The Switch Mode Power Supply

 MAIN TRANSFORMER
 Transformer used in transferring of energy from
primary to secondary part of the whole PSU. Also
steps down the high voltage from the bulk to a low
voltage needed for regulation

100
 The Switch Mode Power Supply

 SECONDARY RECTIFIERS
 Component or circuit that rectifies the low amplitude switched voltage from the main
transformer. With the filter capacitors produce a steady DC level.
 SECONDARY FILTERS
 Responsible for filtering noise and maintaining a steady DC level of the output
voltage. Again usual components used are inductors and low voltage capacitors

101
 The Switch Mode Power Supply

 HOUSEKEEPING / SUPERVISORY
 Portion of the switching PSU responsible for secondary protection. Some examples
are output over-current(OCP), over-temp(OTP), output over-voltage(OVP), output
under voltage (UVP), output short circuit etc.

102
 The Switch Mode Power Supply

 FEEDBACK AND CONTROL

 Every regulated PSU whether linear or switching
needs this circuitry. This circuit is responsible in
monitoring the output voltage and give signals to the
PWM such that a regulated DC level is always
attained.

103
 The Switch Mode Power Supply

 DC OUT
 The regulated DC output voltage needed by the
application system. Standard DC out are 3.3V, 5V,
12V for personal computer (PC) application of the
PSU and high voltage like 24V, 48V, 60V for
Telecommunications.

104
 The Switch Mode Power Supply
 Controller
 Responsible for Pulse Width Modulation which provides pulses for the
switching element.
 Usual technique for PWM control is fixed frequency variable duty cycle
 Includes primary current sense for primary OCP and over power
protection

105
 The Switch Mode Power Supply
 SWITCHING ELEMENT
 Power transistor responsible for switching high
voltage. Commonly used components are Bipolar
Junction Transistor (BJT) and Field Effect Transistor
(FET)
 Transistor is operated at cut-off and saturated region

106
 The Switch Mode Power Supply
 KICK START CIRCUIT
 Circuit responsible to initially turn on the PWM controller by allowing a
certain amount of current enough to momentary energize the controller to
produce at least one gate-drive pulse.
 AUXILIARY CIRCUIT
 Circuit responsible for maintaining a steady supply for the PWM after the
kick start operation of the PSU.

107
2 Day
nd

108
 Review of 1st day

 Definition and explanation of Electrical quantities

 Introduction to Electrical Devices
 Network connections and computation of Passive Electrical Devices
 Basic Electrical Circuit Theory
 Power Sources (DC and AC)
 Definition of Linear and SMPS

109
VIII. Switch Mode Power
Supply Topologies

110
 The SMPS Basic Topologies

 Boost Topology – Step-up technique

 Buck Topology – Step-down technique
 Buck-Boost Topology – Step up/down Technique
 Flyback Topology – Isolated Modified buck-boost

111
 A GLIMPSE TO INDUCTOR and CAPACITOR
PURPOSE IN SMPS
 Inductor serves as an Energy reservoir through
DC chopping process and manifested as Voltage

• During steady state, the net power in the inductor

per cycle is zero:
PLnet = PABSORBED + PDELIVERED = 0

112
 A GLIMPSE TO INDUCTOR and CAPACITOR
PURPOSE IN SMPS
 Capacitor is charged and discharged during
chopping process in a gradual manner that helps
to smoothen the chopped DC output.

113
 A GLIMPSE TO PWM GATE DRIVE

 How the fixed frequency – variable duty cycle works?

Vgs

tON tOFF

t
T = Period

114
BOOST TOPOLOGY

115
 SMPS – BOOST TOPOLOGY

Schematic: VOUT

Vin Vin

+ +
VDC input Bulk
Voutput
-
-

116
 SMPS – BOOST TOPOLOGY

Characteristics of a Boost Regulator

 DC-DC switching regulator
 OUTPUT voltage is always higher than the INPUT
voltage (during normal operation)
 OUTPUT cannot be isolated from the INPUT

117
 SMPS – BOOST TOPOLOGY

Basic Operation of a Boost Regulator

 DC input voltage is chopped by the switch to produce a
rectangular voltage with respect to ground at the other end of
inductor L.
 The inductor L feeds the output capacitor C and load resistor
RL through the rectifying diode D.
 Regulation of the output voltage is accomplished by varying
the duty cycle of the switch wrt input voltage changes.

118
 DETAILED OPERATION

BOOST REGULATOR “ON” State

VL

VDC

119
 BOOST “ON STATE”

By KVL

But…

Hence…

During “ON” state Eq. 1

120
 BOOST “OFF” State

VL

VDC

121
 BOOST “OFF” State
By KVL

But…

Hence…

During “OFF” Eq. 2

state
122
WHAT IS TOTAL OUTPUT GENERATED???

• During steady state, the net power in the inductor per

cycle is zero:
PLnet = PABSORBED + PDELIVERED = 0

In terms of period

In terms of duty Boost Output

cycle Equation

123
BUCK TOPOLOGY

124
 SMPS – BUCK TOPOLOGY

Vin Vin
VOUT

+ +

VDC input Voutput

-
-

125
 SMPS – BUCK TOPOLOGY

Characteristics of a Buck Regulator

 DC-DC switching regulator
 OUTPUT voltage is always lower than the INPUT
voltage (during normal operation)
 OUTPUT cannot be isolated from the INPUT

126
 DETAILED OPERATION

BUCK REGULATOR “ON” State

VL
+ -

+ +

VDC VC VO
- -

127
 BUCK “ON STATE”

By KVL

But…

Hence…

During “ON” state Eq. 1

128
 BUCK “OFF STATE”

VL
- +

+ +
VC
VDC VO

- -

129
 BUCK “OFF STATE”

By KVL

But…

Hence…

During “OFF” Eq. 2

state
130
WHAT IS TOTAL OUTPUT GENERATED???

• During steady state, the net power in the inductor per

cycle is zero:
PLnet = PABSORBED + PDELIVERED = 0

In terms of period

In terms of duty Buck Output

cycle Equation

131
BUCK-BOOST
TOPOLOGY

132
 SMPS – BUCK-BOOST TOPOLOGY

VOUT -HI
Vin
Vin
VOUT - LO

+
-
VDC input Voutput

- +

133
 SMPS – BUCK-BOOST TOPOLOGY

Characteristics of a Buck-boost Regulator

 DC-DC switching regulator
 OUTPUT voltage can be set lower or greater than the
INPUT voltage (during normal operation)
 OUTPUT cannot be isolated from the INPUT

134
 DETAILED OPERATION

BUCK-BOOST REGULATOR “ON” State

+ +
-
VDC
KVL
VL VC Vo
- +
-

135
 BUCK-BOOST “ON STATE”

By KVL

But…

Hence…

During “ON” state Eq. 1

136
 BUCK-BOOST OFF STATE

BUCK-BOOST REGULATOR “OFF” State

+
-
VDC -
VL KVL VC Vo
- + +

137
 BUCK-BOOST OFF STATE

By KVL

But…

Hence…

During “OFF” Eq. 2

state
138
WHAT IS TOTAL OUTPUT GENERATED???

• During steady state, the net power in the inductor per

cycle is zero:
PLnet = PABSORBED + PDELIVERED = 0

In terms of period
Buck-boost
In terms of duty Output
cycle Equation
139
FLYBACK TOPOLOGY

140
 SMPS – FLYBACK TOPOLOGY

Vin
Vin
VOUT

+
-
VDC input Voutput

- +

141
 SMPS – FLYBACK TOPOLOGY

Characteristics of a Flyback Regulator

 DC-DC switching regulator
 OUTPUT voltage can be set lower the INPUT voltage
(during normal operation)
 OUTPUT is isolated from the INPUT by a step down
transformer

142
 DETAILED OPERATION

FLYBACK REGULATOR “ON” State

VDC VL pri VL sec VC VO

143
 SMPS – FLYBACK “ON STATE”

By KVL

But…

Hence…

During “ON” state Eq. 1

144
 SMPS – FLYBACK “OFF STATE”

VDC VL pri VL sec VO

145
 SMPS – FLYBACK “OFF STATE”

By KVL

But…

Hence…

During “OFF” Eq. 2

state

146
WHAT IS TOTAL OUTPUT GENERATED???

• During steady state, the net power in the inductor per

cycle is zero:
PLnet = PABSORBED + PDELIVERED = 0

In terms of period
FLYBACK
In terms of duty Output
cycle Equation
147