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15 views38 pages

Q3_L1_Statistics-and-Probability

lesson 1 stat

Uploaded by

caithressllano
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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11

S H S

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY


Quarter 3 –
Lesson 1

RANDOM VARIABLES
&
Probability Distributions

Prepared by: Darrel M. Susaya


Teacher
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Quarter 3 –
Lesson 1

Random variable
Discrete
Lesson

1
an
d
BASIC T ERMS
IN
S TATISTICS
STATISTICS
It is a collection of
methods for planning
experiments, obtaining
data, and then
analyzing, interpreting,
and drawing conclusions
BASIC TERMS IN STATISTICS
DATA
This are the values that the
variables can assume.

VARIABLE
It is a characteristics that is
observable or measurable in every
point of universe.
POPULATION
It is the set of all possible values of
a variable.

SAMPLE
It is a subgroup of a population.
CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
- words or codes that
represent a class or category
- express a categorical
attribute
 Gender
 Religion
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
- number that represent an amount or a
count
- numerical data, sizes are meaningful
and answer questions such as “how
many” or “how much”.
 Height
 Weight
 Household Size
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES CLASSIFIED AS:

DISCRETE VARIABLES
- data that can be counted
o Number of Days
o Number of Siblings
o Usual number of text
messages sent in a day
o Usual daily allowance in
school
CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
- it can assume all values
between any two specific
values like , , etc. and data can
be measured
o Weight
o Height
o
LEVELS OF
MEASUREMENT
NOMINAL LEVEL
- This is characterized by data that
consists of names, labels, or
categories only.
o Gender
o Most preferred color
o Usual sleeping time
o Civil Status
ORDINAL LEVEL
- This involves data that arranged in
some order, but differences between
data.
o Happiness index for the day
o Highest educational attainment
o The rankings of tennis player
o
INTERVAL LEVEL
- This is the same in ordinal level,
with an additional property that we
can determine meaningful amounts
of differences between the data.
o Body Temperature
o Intelligence Quotient
RATIO LEVEL
- This is an interval level modified to
include the inherent zero starting point.
- It possesses a meaningful absolute,
fixed zero pint and allows all arithmetic
operations.
o Number of Siblings
o Weight
FOUR BASIC METHODS OF
SAMPLING
RANDOM SAMPLING
this is done by using chance or random
numbers.

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
this is done by numbering each subject
of the population and then selecting th
number.
STRATIFIED
if a SAMPLING
population has a distinct groups, it is
possible to divide the population into
these groups and to draw SRS’s from
each of the groups.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
this method uses intact groups called
clusters.
U NDERSTANDING

P ROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
It is a field of mathematics that
deals with chance.

EXPERIMENT
- It is an activity in which the results
cannot be predicted with certainty.
Each repetition of an experiment is
called trial.
OUTCOM
E
- It is a result of an
experiment.
EVENT
- It is any collection of outcomes, and
simple event is an event with only one
possible outcome.
SAMPLE
The _____________________for a given experiment
SPACE
is a set S that contains all possible outcomes of
the experiment.
In any experiment for which the sample
space is S, the probability of an event
occurring is given by the formula
𝒏(𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 )
𝑷 ( 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 ) =
𝒏(𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆)
number of outcomes of the event,
number of all possible outcomes.
Random variable
Discrete
Lesson

1
an
d
OBJECTIVES
illustrate a random variable
(discrete and continuous)
(M11/12SP- IIIa-1),

distinguish between a discrete and a


continuous random variable (M11/12SP-
IIIa-2), and

find the possible values of a


random variable (M11/12SP- IIIa-
3).
RANDOM EXPERIMENT
is a process that produces a definite outcome that cannot
be predicted with certainty (Shafer and Zhang 2021, 57).

Can you get the sample space and write


associated to the pictures below?

𝐒={𝟏,𝟐 ,𝟑,𝟒,𝟓,𝟔 } 𝐒={𝐛𝐨𝐲 ,𝐠𝐢𝐫𝐥 } 𝐒={𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝 , 𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐥 }


https://unsplash.com/photos/SBt1kCTI6No https://unsplash.com/photos/son4VHt4Ld0 https://www.facebook.com/photo/?
fbid=3627819120646995&set=a.3627818230
647084
1. How did you get the sample space?
2. How will you precisely identify the
outcomes if you toss two coins? have a
family of two children? rolled two dice?
3. What do you call when you are about
to identify the number of a particular
outcome (head or tail) when two coins
are tossed for instance?
VARIABLE

A variable is a characteristic
that is observable or measurable
in every unit of the universe.
The examples for this are
height, age, the outcomes of
coin and a die.
RANDOM VARIABLE
A random variable is a way of map outcomes of an
experiment determined by chance into number. It is
typically denoted by a capital letter, usually . It is
actually neither random nor a variable, but it is
technically a function from the space of all possible
events to set of real numbers.
A random variable must take
exactly one value for each
random outcome. Generally, as
with functions, the number of
possible outcomes may have the
same value of the random
variable.
Steps to illustrate Random Variable
List the sample space of an experiment.
1 Tree diagram is recommended to get the
precise outcomes of an experiment.

Take note what is being represented of


2 the random variable.

3 Count the number of the random variable


represented for each outcome.

From the last step, you are able to find out the
possible values that a random variable may appear
on each outcome from the sample space.
Example No. 1:
Suppose a coin is tossed. Let be the random variable representing
the number of head that turns up.

Thus, the possible values of random variable are and


Example No. 2:
Suppose two coins are tossed. Let be the random
variable representing the number of tails.
Step 1: Identify the sample space of tossing two
coins. A tree diagram is shown below. Head and
tail are represented by and , respectively.
Step 2: The random variable is represented by the
number of tails, therefore, count only the number of
tails for each outcome.
Step 3: Count the number of tails for each outcome.

Thus, the possible values of random variable


are , and
Example No. 3:
Suppose a mother is pregnant of three children. Let
be the random variable representing the number of
boys. Boy and girl are represented by and ,
respectively.
Step 1: Identify the sample space of possible
outcome to represent the number of boys. A
tree diagram is shown below.
Step 2: The random variable is represented by the
number of boys, thus, count only the number of boys
for each outcome.
Step 3: Count the number of boys for each
outcome.
boys

Thus, the possible values of random variable


are , , , and
TYPES OF RANDOM
VARIABLE
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
are random variables that can take on a finite (or
countably infinite) number of distinct values.
Examples
 the number of heads obtained when tossing a
coin thrice
 the number of siblings a person has
 the number of students present in a classroom
at a given time
 the number of crushes a person has at a
particular time
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
are random variables that take an infinitely
uncountable number of possible values,
typically measurable quantities.

Examples
 time a person can hold his/her breath
 the height or weight of a person (if
measured very accurately)
 the time a person takes for a person to
bathe. The values that a continuous random
variable can have lie on a continuum, such
ACTIVITY NO. 1
WHAT IS IT

Questions
?

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