Jainism
•Jainism is an ancient religion from
India that teaches that the way to
liberation and bliss is to live lives of
harmlessness and renunciation
•The essence of Jainism is concern
for the welfare of every being in the
universe and for the health of the
universe itself
History of Jainism
Jainism doesn't have a single founder
Religious truth has been revealed at
different times by a tirthankara, which
means a teacher who “shows the way”.
Other religions call such a person a 'prophet'.
As great omniscient teachers,
tirthankaras accomplished moksha and
then teach others how to achieve it.
The founders of Jainism
24 Tirthankaras (“ford maker”): great teachers
Going back countless thousands of years
before recorded history
Mahavira (“great hero”) – the 24th and final
Tirthankara – reformer of ancient Jainism
Nataputta Vardhamana
Lived 599 - 527 BCE in northeast India
30 years as student (never married)
12 years as ascetic renunciant
30 years as spiritual teacher (tirthankara)
Tirthankaras
appears in the world to teach the
way to moksha, or liberation.
not an incarnation of the God.
great omniscient teachers who lived at various times in
man's cultural history.
accomplished the highest spiritual goal of existence Each
new tirthankara preaches the same basic Jain philosophy
24 tirthankaras during this present age
Svetambara Jains believe that tirthankaras can be men or
women, but Digamber Jains believe that women can't be
tirthankaras
Jainism: Tirthankaras
In what Jains call the 'present age' there have
been 24 tirthankaras - although there is little
evidence for the existence of most of these.
A tirthankara appears in the world to teach the
way to moksha, or liberation.
One such tirthankara was Mahavira (599-
527BCE), regarded as the man who gave
Jainism its present form
Jainism
Jainism
History
Jainism:
founded by Mahavira in the sixth century BCE
contains elements of Hinduism and Buddhism
practice non-violence or non-injury
Mahavira
Mahavira ca. 599-527 BCE
•Parallels Buddha’s life
•Family wealth vs. poverty
•Joined ascetics
•Became far more extreme
•Ahimsa yields true release
•Ahimsa produces Jina
(release from this life or
conqueror over attachment,
hence the name Jain)
Jainism: Early life of Mahavira
Mahavira was originally born as Vardhamana
in north east India
He was a prince, thus a member of the kshatriya
(warrior) caste
When Prince Vardhamana turned 30, not long
after the death of both his parents, he left the
royal palace to live the life of an ascetic, (one
who renounces all worldly pleasures and
comforts)
BACKGROUND
At age 30, Mahavira renounced all his wealth,
property, wife, family, pleasures
Fasted 2 days without water
Took off clothes except for a cloth around his
shoulder
Tore out hair in 5 handfuls
Vowed to neglect his body and suffer all pain
Eventually gave up his cloth too (gave it to
someone else who needed it)
10
Mahavira as an ascetic
He spent twelve and a half years
subjecting himself to extremely long,
arduous periods of fasting and
meditation- and he attained enlightenment
(perfect absolute knowledge)
Therefore was later called Mahavira (the
name is from maha, great, and vira, hero)
He had become a jina- spiritual conqueror
Mahavira as teacher
From that day forward Mahavira taught the
path he had discovered to other seekers
After a final period of intensive fasting he
attained nirvana (absolute bliss), and the
Moksha (release from samsara)
Mahavira added the principle of chastity to
make the Five Jain principles (no violence, no
lying, no stealing, no possessions)
PARSVA
- 23rd Tirthankara
- 9th C, BCE
Key Figures in Jainism
Left: Mahavira
picture
Top: Mahavira
statue
Right: Mahavira
on
Above: LionThrone
Rock image of 24 Tirthankaras
Key Figures of Jainism
Vardhamana Mahavira is the most important figure in
Jainism as he was the last in line of the Tirthankaras.
He was born in 599 B.C. and died in 527 B.C. His
birthplace was Kundalpur, India.
His life and teachings were dedicated to the art of
ahimsa or non-violence, which is the central belief of
Jainism.
He grew up in India where Hinduism was the dominant
religion. He accepted the aspects of Hinduism, but felt
that some changes needed to be made.
It was he who built up the Jain Church and laid such a firm
foundation for it that it has existed almost unchanged for more than
twenty-five centuries.
Jainism
Jainism
There are about 4 million Jains today, most of
them “lay people”
Historians consider Jainism to have been
founded by Mahavira (599-527 BCE) as a
reaction to the conservative Brahminism of the
6th-century BCE
In general, they do NOT accept the Hindu
Scriptures or rituals, but they do share a belief in
the transmigration of souls
The most obvious characteristic of them is their
devotion to the principle of ahimsa, or non-
injury
monks wear a veil
even lay people forbidden to drink after sunset
What is Jainism?
At least 2500+ years old
Followed by 3 - 4 million people mostly in India
Life affirming but world-denying
Seeks to release the soul from the round of
rebirth, to liberate spirit from matter
Ahimsa – non-violence – is the hallmark of this
spiritual discipline
No creator god
Spiritual life is primarily moral rather than
ritualistic
Living
What is Jainism?
Jains are followers of JINA, the conqueror of inner
enemies.
These inner enemies (Kashay) are anger(Krodh),
greed(lobh), ego(man) and deceit(maya).
These arise out of attachment(rag): leading to greed
and pride and aversion(dvesh): leading to deceit and
anger.
Jainism is a religion of self-help: with out any
outside agency - even god coming to the rescue of
the soul. The soul is its own destroyer or liberator.
Jainism: Key Beliefs
Ahimsa - The central Jain belief is an agreement to avoid physical
violence and conduct that can be mentally and emotionally
damaging to oneself or others. It also involves commitment to all life
forms on earth and not engaging in practices which may bring harm.
Karma – the belief that for every action, there is a consequence.
Reincarnation – One’s soul that is reborn into different bodies over
the course of many lives.
Proper Conduct - Jains are encouraged to make a vow to conduct
themselves according to the following principles:
1) Non-violence (ahimsa)
2) Truthfulness
3) Non- Stealing
4) Celibacy
5) Non-possession
Jainism: Key Beliefs
Moksha - Results in the elimination of the effects of karma
in one’s life (achieved through meditation)
Atomism - Jains believe that every living thing on the planet
possesses a soul or “Jiva”. They also believe that people are
bound to act more compassionately if they acknowledge that
everything is composed of a spirit or soul.
No absolutes - No perspective of any person is wrong,
despite the fact that different perspectives have different
effects on the specific situation.
TEACHINGS OF JAINISM
Reincarnation—until one finally breaks the cycle
Karma is the glue that sticks you to life
Reduce involvement and one reduces karma
Dualism:
Jiva=soul=good, pure, eternal
Ajiva=matter=bad, impure, temporal
Asceticism cleanses the soul of the karma
Salvation comes from ones work at release
God, prayers, rituals, etc. aren’t necessary
Major Tenets
Everything is eternal; there is no all-
powerful “God” that has created the
world.
When a living being dies, it is
reincarnated.
All living beings have souls.
The 3 gems.
Reverence for the deities (Siddhas, Jinas,
and the 24 Tirthankaras).
Vegetarianism, or Fruitarianism.
The great vows, the Mahavrats.
Reincarnation
• As soon as a person (or any living being) dies, his
or her soul is immediately reborn in another life
form.
• If one’s spirituality is such that it should require
punishment, a person may be required to spend
time in one of seven hells.
• Unlike most views of hell, each stage of hell
becomes increasingly colder. One’s stay in hell is
not eternal; once the punishment is sufficient, a
person’s soul will be reborn into another life form.
• If people can escape all karma (good and bad),
they will be reborn as a Siddhas, or liberated souls,
in the highest level of heaven, where they will be
eternally happy and separate from the world.
Karma
Karma is the natural moral law of the
universe, in which every good or bad action
has a corresponding effect on the person
doing that action.
According to Jainism there are 2 types of
Karma . Ghati (destructive) and Aghati (non-
destructive), each containing several sub-
categories.
The goal of Jainism is to liberate one’s soul, to
become a Jina (spiritual victor). To become a
Jina, one must escape Karma by leading an
ascetic and intrinsically pure life.
Jain Beliefs: Karma
Karma is the mechanism that determines
the quality of life
The happiness during a being's present
life is the result of the moral quality of
the actions of the being in its previous life
A soul can only achieve liberation by
getting rid of all the karma attached to it
Jain Beliefs: Karma
The Jain idea of karma is much more elaborate
and mechanistic than that found in some other
Indian religions
Karma is a physical substance- think floating
dust which sticks to the soul, or as types of
atomic particle which are attracted to the soul
as a result of our actions, words and
thoughts
Jain Beliefs: Karma
On their own, karma particles have no effect but when
they stick to a soul they affect the life of that soul
We attract karma particles when we do or think or
say things, if we kill something, when we tell a lie,
when we steal and so on
The accumulation of karma causes us to have bad
thoughts and actions, these bad actions attract more
karma, and so on.
Avoiding and Removing Karma
Karma can be avoided in two ways
1. By behaving well - so no karma is attracted
2. By having the right mental state - so that even if
an action attracts karma, the correct mental attitude
of the being means that karma either doesn't stick to
that soul
The karma that has built up on the soul can be
removed by living life according to the Jain vows.
What is Jain Activity?
Any activity of body, Speech or Mind that helps us
1. Develop disinterest in satisfying the desires of our
five senses (control over passions)
2. Eliminate anger, ego, deceit, greed (Kashay)
within our selves
3. Develop a vision to look for only good in others
and completely ignore bad in others.
-Acharya Haribhadrasuriji (700-
770AD)
in ‘Darshanshastra’
Key Practices and Rituals
Meditation (samayika) - the process of eliminating self-
centered thinking and becoming united with the spirit that
governs the universe
Mantras - the Five Homages (panka namaskarais) are recited
on a daily basis, usually in the morning; another mantra called
ahimsa vikas, helps Jains to pursue a life without violence.
Worship - takes place at stone temples or at wooden shrines
near the house which resemble the temple itself.
Fasting - occurs at mostly festivals and holy days such as
Paryushana and Mauna Agyaras
Meditations & Mantras
Meditation (samayika)
is an integral part of
Jainism. During
meditation and worship,
Jains often recite
mantras or prayers.
The most fundamental
of the Jain mantras is
the Navkar Mantra.
The Navkar Mantra
Namo Arihantanum: I bow down to Arihanta
Namo Siddhanam: I bow down to Siddha
Namo Ayariyanam: I bow down to Acharya
Namo Uvajjhayanam: I bow down to Upadhyaya
Namo Loe Savva-sahunam: I bow down to Sadhu &
Sadhvi.
Eso Panch Namokaro: These five bowing downs,
Savva-pavappanasano: Destroy all the sins,
Manglanach Savvesim: Amongst all that is auspicious,
Padhamam Havei Mangalam: This Navkar Mantra is
the foremost.
Key Practices and Rituals
Small brooms are carried to sweep insects away from their path
Jain nuns and monks do not accept food that is not cooked by
themselves, they do not physically touch people of the opposite sex,
and they wear simple white clothes or even nothing at all.
A disciplined life is expected from all believers of Jainism, not only
the monks or the nuns
Sacred Rituals - performed at the temple
These are some of the rituals:
Puja
Samayik
Namokar Mantra
Birth
There are a few simple ritual that are
performed after the birth of a child
Priyodhbhav Sanskar: ten days of cleansing,
during which no rituals are performed, but
mantras may be chanted by the priests and
offerings received for the child at a temple.
Namkaranan Sanskar: the ritual of naming the
child, performed on the 11th, 13th, or 29th after
birth. The name for a boy is selected from the
1008 Jinasahasranam, and for girls chosen from
the names of the woman in the Puranas.
Baptism
The Jains do not practice baptism.
However, they do have rules that
must be followed when using water.
Water should be filtered before use
to prevent harm to living creatures
that may be in the water
Some stricter (more spiritual) Jains
do not bathe and only use water as
necessary
Marriage Rituals
Marriage is considered
a social contract, not a
religious practice. The
wedding ceremony may
be simple or very
elaborate.
The rituals performed
around the time of
marriage vary from one
community to another,
but are numerous and
may include some of
the following:
Marriage Rituals
Pre-Wedding -
Vagdana: Parents declare intended marriage
Laghana Lekhan: marriage negotiation finalized
Sagai and Lagna Patrika Vachan: engagement
ceremonies/rituals
Matruka and Kulkar Sthapan: gods and goddesses
are invoked to bless the couple
Wedding Ceremony –
Ghudhchadi: groom’s ritual on the day before the
wedding
Vara Ghoda: the groom’s procession to the wedding
Torana Vidhi: welcoming ceremony at the wedding
Paraspara Mukh Avalokana: bride and groom look
at each other
Marriage Rituals
Hasta Melap: joining ceremony, priest’s words to the
couple
Toran Pratishtha: the goddess Lakshmi is honored
Vedi Pratishtha: the gods of Kshetras are honored
Agni Sthapan: sacred fire ritual; offerings to the fire
god
Abisheka: couple’s heads are anointed with water
Gotrachar: lineages of the couple are pronounced
Granthi Bandhan: ceremonial tying of the couple
together
Agni Pradakshina: the couple circles the sacred fire
four times while reciting a different mantra each time
around
Kanyadaan: before the last stage of Agni Pradakshina,
the father presents the bride to the groom
Marriage Rituals
Vakshepa: “Lord Adinath was married with this
ceremony…”
Second Abisheka: priest wishes the couple well
Kar-mochan: couple are released, ceremony is
ended
Post Wedding –
Ashirvada: the elders bless the couple
Reception: wedding feast
Sva Graha Aagamana: bride goes to her new
home.
Jina Grahe Dhan Arpana: alms are given at a
Jain temple in thankfulness to the gods
Death Rites
When a person dies, he or she is cremated as soon
as possible.
The body is placed on a bier and taken to a place
where it can be burned without harming any living
beings.
The body is taken from the bier and covered with
wood. The body is covered with ghee, camphor, and
sandalwood powder. The last rites are performed by
the son of the deceased.
The son circles the pyre 3 times while sprinkling
water on the body. While chanting the Namokar
Mantra, he lights the pyre.
After a while, milk is poured over the scorched area
and the remains are collected in bags.
The remains are placed in hole and sprinkled with
salt. The hole is covered and the rituals are over.
Jainism
New Religion
• 500 BC, group of Hindus broke away, founded new religion called Jainism
• Led by teacher Mahavira, Jains thought most Hindus put too much emphasis
on ritual
Ritual Unnecessary
• Jains thought ritual unnecessary
• People could achieve moksha by giving up worldly things, carefully
controlling actions
Nonviolence
• Central to Jain teaching, idea of ahimsa, nonviolence
• Most Hindus also practiced ahimsa, but not to same extent
• Jains carefully avoid harming living creatures, are usually vegetarians
Other Traits
• Jains promise to tell only truth
• Avoid stealing
• Strive to eliminate greed, anger, prejudice, gossip from lives
• These things can prevent person from achieving moksha
Lifestyle Principles
• Most devout become monks, nuns, • Most Jains not monks, nuns
give up possessions • Pledge to uphold principles of
• Live outdoors, seek shelter only ahimsa, have careers that do not
during rainy months involve harming of animals
• Cover mouths with masks, sweep • Jainism calls for periodic fasting,
ground to avoid accidentally killing especially during festivals, on holy
insects days; limiting worldly possessions
Jain practices:
Spiritual Discipline
Ahimsa: non-violence to any and all life
forms. Intent to do no harm. Strict vegans
(avoid all meat and animal products, including
milk, eggs, fish and even avoid root vegetables).
Aparigraha: non-attachment
Anekantwad: non-hatred
Asceticism: to live a monastic life,
detached from this world and society – a
life of poverty and chastity
Unique Teachings of Jainism
• God is not a Creator, Preserver or Destroyer
of the Universe
• Every living being has a potential to become
God
• Path of liberation is to follow rational
perception, rational Knowledge and rational
conduct
• Conquer your desire by your own effort to
attain liberation
Unique Teachings of Jainism
• Proper knowledge of universal substances
and fundamental Tattvas are essential for
rational perception, knowledge and conduct
• Self purification, penance, austerity and
meditation are essential for rational conduct
Unique Teachings of Jainism
Universal love (Ahimsa)
Anekantvad (Non absolutism)
Aparigraha (Non-attachment)
Jain hand is the emblem of
the Jainism, which
symbolizes Ahimsa,
nonviolence, the wheel in
the center is the wheel of
Samsara, the word in the
center of the wheel reads
“stop.”
Other Jain Concepts
Ahimsa- Non violence
Jains must do their best to avoid any
intentional hurt to living things
Jains must be vegetarians
If a Jain's work unavoidably causes harm
(e.g. farming) they should try to minimize
the harm
Doctrine of many-sidedness
Ahimsa (Non violence)
• Ahimsa is disciplined behavior towards every
living being - Dashvaikalika Sutra (6/9)
• Absence of violence of any sort towards all
beings at all times is Ahimsa. - Yogasutra
• In its absolute definition, ‘Ahimsa is the
absence of evil thoughts, feelings or attitude’
Ahimsa (Non violence)
• Ahimsa is not to be practised at the physical
level only but at a mental one as well.
• In other words, it is stated that there should
be no Himsa by ‘ Man ‘ (mind), ‘Vachan’
(speech), or ‘Kaya” (body).
• Even hurting feelings is himsa.
Vegetarians
Because of Ahisma, Jains do not believe in harming living beings,
which all have souls. This means that they do not eat meat, and many
of them do not eat vegetables either.
The strictest of the Jains eat only fruits, nuts, and milk, which are
acceptable because they are the byproducts of livings beings, not the
actual beings themselves.
Fundamental Beliefs
The soul exists in contamination with karmic
matter and it longs to be purified
Living beings differ due to the varying density
and types of karmic matter
The karmic bondage leads the soul through the
states of existences (cycles)
Karmic fusion is due to our ignorence,
nonrestraint, carelessness, passions and activities
Fundamental Beliefs
Violence to oneself and others results in the
formation of the heaviest new karmic matter,
whereas helping others with positive nonviolence
results into the lightest new karmic matter
Austerity forms the karmic shield against new
karmons as well as setting the decaying process
in the old karmic matter
Symbols
symbol of the seventh Tirthankara.
In the Svetambar Jain tradition, it is
also one of the symbols of the ashra-
mangalas (Eight Auspicious Signs).
a wheel on the palm of a hand,
symbolizing Ahimsa (non-violence).
Triratna signify the three jewels of
Jainism
The Sign of Jainism
This is the sign of Jainism.
Each part of the sign
symbolizes an important
principle or belief of
Jainism.
This symbol was adopted by
all the sects of Jainism in
honor of the 2500th
anniversary of Lord
Mahavira’s spiritual
liberation.
How to Become a Jain
Jainism is a distinctly Indian religion,
although anyone who is willing to meet
their strict requirements can become a
Jain.
The most fundamental belief of Jainism
is Ahisma, complete non-violence
toward all living beings. No other
religion takes the principle of non-
violence to the extent that the Jains do.
Requirements
All Jains must:
Seek peace with their surroundings and be as non-
violent as possible, Ahisma.
Be truthful in everything, Satya.
Deal honestly with people, they must not steal,
Asteya.
Practice the 3 Gems:
Right faith, right conduct, right knowledge. The
most important of these is faith, after it is obtained
the others will follow.
FIVE VOWS OF JAINISM
1. Ahimsa
2. Speak the truth
3. Don’t steal
4. Celibacy
5. Renounce attachments
The Five Principles (Vows):
Non-violence (Ahimsa):
complete avoidance of harm
All living beings are equal
Truthfulness (Satya):
to always speak the truth in a harmless manner
Non-stealing (Asteya):
this also includes avoidance of greed and exploitation
Chastity (Brahmacharya):
monogamy and faithfulness are important
Detachment from material things (Aparigraha):
to detach from people, places, and material things.
Literature
Agamas
based on Mahavira teachings.
orally compiled by his disciples into various
Sutras (texts)
orally passed on from teachers (acaryas or
gurus) to the disciples for several centuries.
The scholars date the composition of Jain
agamas at around 6th to 3rd century BCE.
JAIN SCRIPTURES
SIDDHANTA – 45 volumes
Composed and compiled during 1000 years
between death of Mahavira and Valabhi
Council in 5th C, CE
Vernacular language vs. Sanskrit
62
ANGAS and UPANGAS
11 Angas = main texts
Books of Conduct
Books of Critique
12 Upangas = secondary limbs
Narratives that pass on teachings for lay
followers
63
OTHER IMPORTANT
WRITINGS:
Biographies of Tirthankaras (Kalpa Sutra)
Numerous commentaries and philosophical
writings
Astronomy, study of logic, psychology
Devotional poetry, epics and legends
64
Communion with the Gods & Holy
Ones
The Jains commune with their
deities by worshiping in temples,
meditating, and reciting mantras.
The Jains worship idols of Jinas, or
“Spiritual Victors”. The most
important of these Jinas are the
Tirthankaras, or “Ford-Makers”,
the 24 founders of Jainism.
Worship of the Jinas
The Jains worship publicly in stone temples.
They worship by meditating, chanting mantras, and by
gazing at and anointing the 24 images of the
Tirthankaras, the “Ford Makers”.
They also pay homage to all Jinas, or “spiritual victors”.
Holidays
Mahavira Jayanti
Mar 28
The birth anniversary of Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankar and the
"founder" of modern Jainism
Paryushana
Sep 5
The most important Jain festival, it consists of
eight (Swetambara) or ten (Digambara) days of
intensive fasting and repentance. A time of reflection.
Diwali
Nov 5
Diwali, the festival of lights, is the most popular of all the festivals from
South Asia. It is an occasion for celebrations by Hindus as well as Jains
and Sikhs.
JAIN SECTS
1. White Clad—will wear white clothes (north)
2. Sky Clad—nudist (south)
3. Sub-group of the White Clads—reject temples
Jain Monastics: Two major sects
Digambara (“sky clad”)
Wear no clothes
Live alone or in small
groups in the forests
Admit only men
Women
religion of religious equality, devoted to recognising
the rights of all living creatures
The sectarian divide
The Difambara Jain sect believes that women cannot achieve liberation
without being reborn as men first. The Svetambara sect disagrees.
Nakedness
nakedness is an essential element of the road to liberation.
Mahavira himself, set an example of total nudity that Digambaras believe
monks should follow.
This ban on female nakedness is partly intended to protect both men and
women:
cause men to experience sexual
feel ashamed of being naked.
prevent the disruptive consequences of allowing women to walk around
naked.
Women
Ahimsa and women
Digambaras also believe that women are inherently
himsic (harmful).
menstrual blood kills micro-organisms living in the
female body.
female body is less non-violent than a male body
Impurity
menstrual blood is a sign of impurity.
Attachment
nature is to care for children and other dependants
Jainism Monastic: Two Sects
Jain monks commit to the Great Vows:
non-injury (ahisma)
truth-speaking (satya)
sexual abstinence (brahmacharya)
non-stealing (asteya)
detachment from persons, places, and things
(aparigraha)
Lay people take the “lesser vows” which try to apply
the great vows to more “normal” modes of living:
e.g., strict vegetarianism, no work that involves the
deliberate destruction of life (e.g., hunting no, The only objects a
farming okay). Digambara monk is
allowed to carry are a
In the fourth century CE a major split occurred: water-pot and a fly-
Digambaras: all possessions, including clothing whisk of peacock
feathers.
are hindrance to liberation
Shvetambaras: detachment is in the mind (and
not wearing clothes can also cause injury; e.g.,
if you light a fire to stay warm)
White Clad monks
Lay Jainism (non-monastic)
Householders: marry and have children
A simple life but not ascetic (may take
temporary monastic vows)
Modified vows (five plus seven more) to
guide life in this world
Maintain Vegan diet
Do not expect to achieve moksha in this life
(it takes full asceticism and monastic life to hope
to become a Jina)
Lay Jainism: religious practices
Make pilgrimages to sacred sites (related to the lives
of the Tirthankaras)
Attend temples
Revere the Tirthankaras
Observe holy days:
Mahavir Jayanti (April; commemorating the birth of
Mahavira)
Paryushana Parva (Aug. – Sept.; a festival of fasting
and forgiveness)
Mahavir Nirvan (Diwali) (Oct. – Nov.;
commemorates the liberation [death] of Mahavira)
Political Influence
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
a Jain
some of his ideas on politics come from
Jainism (from the 5 principles)
pioneered satyagraha (truthfulness).
defined as resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience,
a philosophy firmly founded upon ahimsa or total nonviolence.
helped India to gain independence
inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.
Economic Influence
set a limit to one’s own needs and whatever surplus
one may accumulate beyond these needs should be
donated to charities.
keeps in check the concentration of wealth and paves
the way for its wide and more even distribution.
the growing gulf between the rich and the poor can be
peacefully bridged.
the fair distribution of wealth is essential.
business dealings must be conducted in the non-
acquisitive spirit of aparigraha.
Jainism
Palitana, Gujarat
JAISSALMERE TEMPLE
JAISSALMERE: JAIN IMAGES
JAISSALMERE: JAIN TEMPLE 2
JAISSALMERE TEMPLE RELIEF
Similarities with Buddhism
Tolerant other religions
Karma
India
Around the same time
Same backgound story for founder or prophet
Social equality
Nirvana
Liberation
Non-violence
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cASZK6Qgp3g
