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Functional Components of Computer

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Functional Components of Computer

Uploaded by

jyothikarajan8888
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit 1

Introduction
Computer

 The word computer comes from the word


“compute”, which means, “to calculate”

 A computer is an electronic device that can


perform arithmetic operations at high speed

 A computer is also called a data processor


because it can store, process, and retrieve data
whenever desired
Data Processing

The activity of processing data using a computer is


called
data processing
Data
Capture Data

Manipulate Data

Output Results

Information
Data is raw material used as input and information is processed
data obtained as output of data processing
Characteristics of
Computers

1) Automatic: without human interventions

2) Speed: usually measured in microseconds


(10-6), nanoseconds (10-9), and
picoseconds (10-12)

3) Accuracy: high and the degree of its


accuracy depends upon its design.
Characteristics of
Computers

4)Diligence: free from monotony, tiredness,


and lack of concentration.

5)Versatility: perform almost any task, if


the task can be reduced to a finite series of
logical steps

6)Power of Remembering: store and recall


Characteristics of
Computers

7)No I.Q.: cannot take its own decision

8)No Feelings: no emotions


Electronic Devices Used in Computers of
Different Generations

(a) A Vacuum Tube (b) A Transistor (c) An IC Chip


Functional Units
The Five Basic Operations of a
Computer System

 Inputting. The process of entering data and instructions


into the computer system

 Storing. Saving data and instructions to make them


readily available for initial or additional processing
whenever required

 Processing. Performing arithmetic operations (add,


subtract, multiply, divide, etc.) or logical operations
(comparisons like equal to, less than, greater than, etc.)
on data to convert them into useful information
The Five Basic Operations of a
Computer System

 Outputting. The process of producing


useful information or results for the user
such as a printed report or visual display

 Controlling. Directing the manner and


sequence in which all of the above
operations are performed
Basic Organization of a
Computer
Storage Unit

Secondary
Storage

Program Information
Input Outpu
and Unit (Results)
t
Data Primary Unit

Storage

Control
Unit
Indicates flow of
instructions and data
Arithmetic Indicates the control
Logic exercised by the
Unit control unit
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Input Unit

1. It accepts (or reads) instructions and data


from outside world
2. It converts these instructions and data
in computer acceptable form
3. It supplies the converted instructions and
data to the computer system for further
processing
Output Unit

1. It accepts the results produced by the


computer, which are in coded form and
hence, cannot be easily understood by us
2. It converts these coded results to human
acceptable (readable) form
3. It supplies the converted results to
outside world
Storage Unit

1. Data and instructions required for


processing (received from input devices)
2. Intermediate results of processing
3. Final results of processing, before they are
released to an output device
Two Types of Storage

 Primary storage
 Used to hold running program instructions
 Used to hold data, intermediate results, and
results of ongoing processing of job(s)
 Fast in operation
 Small Capacity
 Expensive
 Volatile (looses data on power dissipation)
Two Types of Storage

 Secondary storage
 Used to hold stored program instructions
 Used to hold data and information of stored jobs
 Slower than primary storage
 Large Capacity
 Lot cheaper that primary storage
 Retains data even without power
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

 Place where the actual executions of


instructions takes place during processing
operation
Control Unit (CU)

 Manages and coordinates the operations of


all other components of the computer
system
Central Processing Unit
(CPU)
Arithmetic Central
Logic Control Unit = Processin
+ (CU)
Unit g Unit
(ALU) (CPU)

 It is the brain of a computer system

 It is responsible for controlling the


operations of all other units of a computer
system
The System Concept

1. A system has more than one element


2. All elements of a system are logically related
3. All elements of a system are controlled in a
manner to achieve the system goal

A computer is a system as it comprises of


integrated components (input unit, output unit,
storage unit, and CPU) that work together to
perform the steps called for in the executing
program

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