COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Cost Impact of Software Defects Error → Defect → Bug → Fault/Failure • A human action or misunderstanding that leads to incorrect software results • A flaw or deviation in the software artifact (e.g., code, design) caused by an error. • A defect that is discovered during testing or operation. • A bug or defect remaining unresolved, causing operational failures. • Key Relationship • Error causes a Defect. • A Defect becomes a Bug when identified during testing. • A Bug results in a Fault if it is not resolved before release