Instrumentation for

Control & Energy Systems

ECE6041 & MEng 7033

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 1

N.K.KUMAR

 ASST. PROFESSOR
 School of Electrical and Computer Engg
 JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
 JIMMA UNIVERSITY

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 2

 UNIT : ONE

Basicsof Measurements and

Instrumentation

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 3

 MEASUREMENT = ?
 An act or result of comparison between an Unknown
quantity with a predefined standard
 After comparison the results are expressed in

numerical values

 The process converting any physical

 parameters to meaningful numbers

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 4

 Two requirements to make
measurement meaningful
1 The standards used must be accurately defined
and universal accepted

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 5

 2 Requirement
nd

2 The apparatus & method for measurement should be

provable[acceptable]

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 6

Methods of measurement

1. Direct 2 Indirect
method method

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 7

 DIRECT METHODS

 The measurand ( unknown qty) is directly compared against

a standard, & results is in terms of numbers and units

 Egs:=6Kg when 6 is number; and kg is unit

 Length

 Mass =8Kg when 8 is number; and kg is unit

 Time

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 8

 INDIRECT METHODS
 When direct methods are not possible for measurement

 Not possible

 Not feasible

 Not practicable

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 9

MEASUREMENTS
 NEEDS

 INSTRUMENTS

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 10

 TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS
[principle based]

 1. MECHANICAL INSTRUMENTS

 2. ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS

 3. ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 11

 MECHANICAL INSTRUMENT
 VERY STATIC AND STABLE

 BUT

 BUT

 NOT FOR DYNAMIC APPLICATIONS

 WHY ??????? Bcoz they have moving parts, and

hence Inertia problems arises

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 12

Diagrams for Mechanical Instruments

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 13

 ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS
 OUTPUT IS GENERALLY A MECHANICAL
MOVEMENTS , SOOOOOOOOOOOOO

 LIMITED TIME OF RESPONSE

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 14

 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS
 More reliable
 Higher sensitivity
 Recording capabilities
 Measured and monitored even in remote locations
 Lower weight
 Lesser power consumption

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 15

Images for Electronic Instruments

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 16

 INSTRUMENTS
[MEASUREMENT BASED]

ABSOLUTE INSTRUMENTS/primary
 Magnitude of the quantity under measurement in

terms of physical constants of the instrument

 Egs: Tangent Galvanometer, Rayleigh current

balance
SECONDARY INSTRUMENTS
 measured by observing the output indicated by the

instrument

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 17

 COMPARISON
 MORE TIME  LESS TIME
CONSUMPTION CONSUMPTION

 HIGHLY RELIABLE
 LESS RELIABLE

 VERY RARELY USED  PREDOMINANT IN USE

WHICH IS BEST ????? TRY TO FIND THE BEST

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 18

 SECONDARY
INSTRUMENT
1. NULL TYPE INSTRUMENTS

2. 2. DEFLECTION TYPE INSTRUMENTS

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 19

 Comparison b/w Null & Deflection
types of Instrument
 ACCURACY IS  ACCURACY

 HIGHER SENSITIVITY
 SENSITIVITY IS LESS

 NOT FOR DYNAMIC  HIGHLY SUITABLE

APPLICATIONS

NULL TYPE DEFLECTION TYPE

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 20

 FUNCTIONS OF A MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMS
 INDICATING

 RECORDING

 CONTROLLING

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 21

 INDICATING FUNCTION

 Giving information about the quantity under

measurement
In terms of
 Deflection of a pointer

 Display in numerical Values

 Examples
Speedometer
Pressure gauge

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 22

RECORDING FUNCTION
Making a
permanent record
of the quantity on a
paper or in
computers

Example:
Temperature
monitoring system

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 23

CONTROLLING FUNCTION

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 24

Primary Variable Variable
sensing conversion manipulation
element element element

Data Data
presentation transmission
element element

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 25

 FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS
 Element making the first  Converts an analog signal to
contact with the measurand electrical form

 also called as SENSOR

 Voltage, current, frequency,
etc
 Converts any physical qty to  To establish compatability
another form of energy
with the subsequent
electronic circuits

Primary sensing element Variable Conversion Element

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 26

 FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS contd..
 To transmit data’s from one  Displaying the quantity
element to the other under measurement as
intelligent form to the
 Digital transmission observer
 Analog transmission  Display Devices

 Recorders

Data transmission element Data presentation element

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 27

Characteristics of an Instrument
 When measurand is either  Instruments and
constant or slow varying measurements involved in
rapidly varying quantities
 A set of criteria that gives
meaningful description of
 To establish a relation b/w
the quality of measurement the input and output in
terms of mathematical
equations

DYNAMIC
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 28

CALIBRATION = ????
 The process of checking the instrument against a
known standard and………………….

 Subsequently to find

 ERRORS

 ACCURACY

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 29

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
 Accuracy
 Sensitivity
 Reproducibility
 Drift
 Static error
 Dead Zone

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 30

 Static characteristics

 Accuracy : - Closeness with which an instrument

reading approaches true value of the quantity being
measured

 Sensitivity : - Infinitesimal change in o/p

 Infinitesimal change in I/p

 Linearity : When the o/p is proportional to i/p

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 31

 Static characteristics
cont.
 Dead time : - The time required by a measurement
system to begin to respond to change in the measurand

 Dead Zone : - Largest change of input quantity for

which there is no output of the instrument

 Reproducibility :- degree of closeness with which a

given value may be repeatedly measured

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 32

 Static characteristics
contd
 Drift :- measured values do not vary with time

 Zero Drift

 Span Drift

 Zonal Drift

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 33

 RESPONSE ===???
 It is the evaluation of the system’s ability to faithfully
transmit and present all the pertinent information included
in the input signal and exclude others

 Dynamic Response :- Systems ability to respond when the

input changes very rapidly with time
 Dynamic inputs : - are
 Transient input

 Steady state periodic input

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 34

 Dynamic input’s
 Whose magnitude has a  The magnitude does not
definite repeating time cycle repeat

Steady state periodic Transient input

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 35

Nature of all measurement system
 Since all measurement system includes L, C

 Energy storing elements, they don’t allow immediate

flow of energy when input is applied to the system
 Goes to
 Transient stage first then settles to steady
 state position

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 36

 DYNAMIC characteristics
 Speed of Response

 Measuring Lag

 Fidelity

 Dynamic error

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 37

Speed of Response
Rapidity with which
a measurement
system responds to
changes in the
measured quantity
N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 38
 Measuring Lag
 Retardation type  Time Delay type

 Response of the  The response of the

measurement systems system begins after a
begins immediately
after a change in dead time
measured quantity has even after the
occured application of input

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 39

Dynamic characteristics cont..
 FIDELITY  DYNAMIC ERROR

 Difference between the

 Ability of the measuring
true value and the
system to indicate the
quantity under
changes in the measured
measurement changing
quantity without any
with time
dynamic error

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 40

 Dynamic Analysis
of a Measurement system

 Time domain Analysis

Frequency domain Analysis

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 41

ERRORS IN MEASUREMENTS

What is TRUEVALUE ?
 [IDEAL VALUE]

 Defined as the average of an infinite

number of measured values, when
the average deviation due to various
contributing factor tends to ZERO
N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 42
 STATIC ERROR
 Δa = Am - At

 Δa = Static error
 Am = measured Value; At = True value

 Δa= ԑo = Absolute static error

 Δc= - (Δa)

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 43

RELATIVE STATIC ERROR Ԑr
 Ԑr = Absolute error/ true value

 Δa / At = ԑo/At ; Δa = Am – At
 At= Am – Δa,
 At = Am - ԑo, WE KNOW THAT ԑo =ԑr. At
 At = Am - ԑr.At,

 At = Am/ (1+ԑr)

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 44

Guarantee Errors or Limiting Errors
 Deviations from the nominal value ( specified Value)
of a particular quantity

 Aa = A s + δA
 or
 A = A - δA
a s
 Aa = Assured Value
 A s = Nominal value
 δA = error

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 45

 RELATIVE [FRACTIONAL] LIMITING ERROR

 Ԑr = Aa – AS/ AS

 Defined as the ratio of the ERROR to the specified

magnitude of the quantity

 Aa – AS = Error

 AS= Nominal value or magnitude of the qty

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 46
 ERRORS CONTD…………..

Gross Errors : - By human

mistakes in reading,
Systematic Errors
recording , calculations,
observing measurements

1. Instrumental Errors 2. Environmental Errors 3. Observational Errors

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 47

 INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS
 It is because of
◦1. Inherent short comings in the
Instrument

◦2. Misuse of the Instrument

◦3. Loading Effect

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 48

 Random ERRORS
 Errors because of
◦ 1.Un known happenings
◦ 2. Unaware disturbances
◦ 3. Very small factors

◦ Lumped together to give this errors

◦ Also called as RESIDUAL ERRORS

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 49

 RANDOM ERROR :- Analysis

Statistical Approach is used to study and

Statistical treatment
minimize errors

1. Multi sample 2. Single sample

Test test

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 50

 MULTI SAMPLE TEST
 Repeated measurements of given quantity are done by
using different

◦A. Test conditions

◦B. Instruments
◦C. Different methods and ways
◦D. Different Observers

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 51

 ANALYSIS OF ERROS

 HISTOGRAM
 ARITHMETIC MEAN
 STANDARD DEVIATION
 DISPERSION
 RANGE

 Statistical approach
 are used to optimize errors

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 52

 TYPES OF INSTRUMENTATION
SYSTEMS
 DUMB INSTRUMENTATION
 Once measurement is made , the data should be processed by
the observer

 INTELLIGENT INSTRUMENTATION
 ???????

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 53

THANK YOU LADIES AND GENTLE MEN

N.K.KUMAR., Asst Prof/ECE 54