MINI PROJECT SEMINAR

on
GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
PRESENTED BY
Bikrant Kumar Yadav
ROLL NO-22CE4117
MTECH IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Under guidance of
Dr. Suman Saha
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Why not OPC?
• Why geopolymer concrete?
• Constituents
• Process
• Types of GPC
• Properties
• Application
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Literature review
• Summary of literature review
CONTENTS
• Objective
• Scope of work
• References
INTRODUCTION

• Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly

construction material.
• The name geopolymer was formed by a French Professor
davidovits in1978 to represent a broad range of materials
characterized by networks of inorganic molecules
(Geopolymer Institute 2010)
• It is used as replacement of cement binder in concrete.
• In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding
material.
• Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution are
used as binders.
 2

FIGURE 1-GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

WHY NOT OPC?

• It is also the most energy intensive material

• Cement production leads to high carbon-dioxide emission.
• 1 ton of CO2 is produced for every 1 ton of cement.
• It is produced by calcination of limestone and burning
of fossil fuels
WHY GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE?

• Reduces the demand of OPC which leads CO2 emission.

• Utilise waste materials from industries such as fly ash,
silica-fume, GGBS.
• Protect water bodies from contamination due to fly
ash disposal.
• Conserve acres of land that would have been used for coal
combustion products disposal.
• Produce a more durable infrastructure.
CONSTITUENTS

• Alumina-silica rich source materials

• Alkaline solutions
• Coarse aggregate

• Fine aggregate - sand or bottom ash can be used

• Admixture-superplasticizers(naphthalene based
or naphthalene sulphonate based
ALKALINE SOLUTION

• Alkaline hydroxide are commonly used are sodium or

potassium hydroxide
• They are used in combination with sodium silicate or
potassium silicate solution.
• NaOH and Na2SiO3 are more commonly used as it leads to
higher geo polymerization rate.
• K2SiO3 solution rarely used because of high cost and lack of
easy availability.
• Alkali hydroxide is used for dissolution and sodium-silicate
solution as binder.
ALUMINA-SILICA RICH SOURCE MATERIALS

 FLY ASH
• Combustion by-product of coal in coal fired power plants
• Fly ash used in concrete to increase life cycle expectancy
• Helps in increasing durability
• Improves permeability by lowering water-cement ratio
• Spherical shape of fly ash improves consolidation of concrete
 GGBS
• GGBS is an industrial byproduct obtained when iron ore limestone
and coke heated to a temperature of 1500 degree celsius in the
furnace
• A mineral admixture of silicates and aluminates of Ca and other
bases
• Improves compressive strength of GPC
 SILICA FUME
• Produced during manufacture of silicon by electric arc furnace
• Also called as micro silica or condensed silica fume
• Another artificial pozzolan
 PROCESS
• Si and Al atoms in source materials dissolved using
alkaline solution.
• Source materials include fly ash ,GGBS, silica-fume.
• gel formed by applying heat.
• This gel binds aggregates and unreacted source material
forming geopolymer concrete
TYPES OF GEOPOLYMER

 Slag based geopolymer

• Slag is a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide
• A by-product material formed in the processing of
melting iron ore.
• OPC replacement with slag improve workability and
reduce lifecycle costs
• It also increase its compressive strength
• corex slag, steel slag, iron blast furnace slag are examples
 Fly ash based geopolymer
• Improves workability and increase compressive strength
• Reduce cost of OPC along with CO2 emission
• Reduce drying shrinkage
• Class F fly ash used commonly

 Rock based geopolymer

• MK-750 in the slag based geopolymer replaced by natural
rock forming minerals forms this geopolymer
• Feldspar and quartz are natural rock forming minerals
 Ferro-silicate based geopolymer
• -same properties as that of rock based geopolymers
• -has a red colour
• -high iron oxide content
• -poly type geopolymer formed by substituting some of
the aluminium atoms in the matrix
APPLICATIONS
• Infrastructure construction: Geopolymer concrete can be used in
the construction of roads, bridges, and other infrastructure
projects. It has high strength and durability, which makes it
suitable for structures that require high load-bearing capacity and
resistance to environmental factors.

• Marine structures: Geopolymer concrete is resistant to corrosion

and erosion, making it suitable for use in marine structures such
as ports, jetties, and breakwaters.

• Pre-cast concrete products: Geopolymer concrete can be used to

create pre-cast concrete products such as pipes, pavers, and
retaining walls. These products have high strength and durability
and are resistant to wear and tear.
• High-temperature applications: Geopolymer concrete has high
fire resistance and can withstand high temperatures, making it
suitable for use in applications such as furnaces, chimneys, and
fireplaces.

• Sustainable construction: Geopolymer concrete can be made

using industrial waste materials such as fly ash and slag,
reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills. This makes it a
sustainable alternative to traditional concrete, which is made
using Portland cement, a material that has a high carbon
footprint
ADVANTAGES
• high compressive strength
• high tensile strength
• low creep
• low drying shrinkage
• resistant to heat and cold
• chemically resistant
• highly durable
• fire proof
DISADVANTAGES
• High initial cost
• High alkalinity
• Geopolymerization process is sensitive
 LITRATURE REVIEW
SL AUTHO DETAIL OF OBSERVATION
NO R NAME ARTICLE
1 G. Laxmi Case Studies in • The experimental results showed that the addition of fibers
Et al. Construction reduced the workability and improved the compressive
(2023) Materials strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of
geopolymer concrete
Effect of
hooked end • The scanning electron microscopic results revealed the
steel fibers on positive effect of steel fibers in restricting the progression of
strength and cracks, leading to smaller crack width in the SFRGPC.
durability
properties of • The resistance to chloride ion penetration was not
ambient cured significantly affected by addition of steel fibers till optimum
geopolymer dose of 1 %.
concrete • Steel fibers in optimum dose have improved the
performance of geopolymer concrete .
 LITERATURE REVIEW
SL AUTHOR DETAIL OF ARTICLE OBSERVATION
NO NAME
2 Khaled A. Case Studies in • Waste rubber fibers in GPC which emits 90% less
Et al. Construction carbon dioxide when compared with OPC.
(2022) Materials
• A significant reduction in compressive strength of
Mix design, RGPC with increasing CR content from 0% to 30%.
mechanical
properties and • While GPC with a 2% and 10% CR content was able to
durability of the increase compressive strength by 5.5% and 7%
rubberized compared to GPC with 0% CR content
geopolymer
concrete • RGPC is long-lasting, eco-friendly and has good
resistance to acid attack, chloride penetration, and
water permeability compared to OPCC
 LITRATURE REVIEW
SL NO AUTHOR DETAIL OF ARTICLE OBSERVATION
NAME
3 Priyanka Journal of Building • F-T resistance of fly ash-based GPC and found that
Pradhan Engineering the compressive strength decreased by 30% after
Et al. defrosting cycles.
(2022) Durability
characteristics of • GPC with FA, MK, and GGBFS provides better
geopolymer abrasion resistance.
concrete - Progress
and perspectives • Variations in sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide
ratio, increased curing temperature, 12 M NaOH, and
slag are beneficial for enhancing abrasion resistance.
Further research is needed.
 LITRATURE REVIEW
SL AUTHOR DETAIL OF OBSERVATION
NO NAME ARTICLE
4 Shahin Construction and • This research evaluated the mechanical properties of
Charkhtab Building Materials geopolymer concrete with up to 20% of fly ash
Moghaddam replaced with cement, crumb rubber, and steel fiber
Et al. Mechanical in contact with sulfuric acid.
(2021) properties of fly
ash-based • Results showed that the highest compressive and
geopolymer tensile strengths belonged to the geopolymer
concrete with concrete containing crumb rubber and 1% fiber with
crumb rubber 20% of fly ash replaced with cement.
and steel fiber
under ambient
and sulfuric acid
conditions
 LITRATURE REVIEW
SL NO AUTHOR DETAIL OF ARTICLE OBSERVATION
NAME
5 Aslihan Nida Construction and • This study prepared 5 different geopolymer
Derinpinar Et.al Building Materials concrete mixture groups with 0.5%, 10, 15
(2020) and 20% by weight glass powder (GP).
Potential Performance
of glass powder • Compressive strength and tensile strength
substituted slag based decreases with increase in glass powder
geopolymer concretes
under high • Cooling in air affected the samples less
temperature negatively than cooling in water.
SUMMARY OF LITRATURE
• Researchers have developed that the increase in the molarity of
alkaline solution improves the rate of geo-polymerization
reaction, thereby improving the overall strength properties of
GPC
• Different parent (of source) material which are rich in alumina
and silica are usually used to produce different type of GPC
• Higher compressive strength can be obtained by using
alternative materials like crumb rubber and fiber with 20%
flyash replaced with cement
OBJECTIVE

• To determine the performance of ambient cured

geopolymer concrete containing some alternative
materials
 REFERENCES

• Pradhan, P., Dwibedy, S., Pradhan, M., Panda, S., & Panigrahi, S. K.
(2022). Durability characteristics of geopolymer concrete-Progress and
perspectives. Journal of Building Engineering, 105100.

• Derinpinar, A. N., Karakoç, M. B., & Özcan, A. (2022). Performance of

glass powder substituted slag based geopolymer concretes under high
temperature. Construction and Building Materials, 331, 127318.

• Moghaddam, S. C., Madandoust, R., Jamshidi, M., & Nikbin, I. M.

(2021). Mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete
with crumb rubber and steel fiber under ambient and sulfuric acid
conditions. Construction and Building Materials, 281, 122571.
REFERENCES

• Laxmi, G., Patil, S., Hossiney, N., & Thejas, H. K. (2023). Effect of
Hooked End Steel Fibers on Strength and Durability Properties of
Ambient Cured Geopolymer Concrete. Case Studies in Construction
Materials, e02122.

• Al-Sodani, K. A. A. (2022). Mix design, mechanical properties and

durability of the rubberized geopolymer concrete: A review. Case
Studies in Construction Materials, e01480.