CHAPTER - THREE

TRANSFORMATION

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 Two-Dimensional Transformation
 Transformation means a change in either position ,size, shape or
orientation of any graphical object

 When a transformation takes place on a 2D plane it called 2D

transformation.

 Different types of transformation are:

1. Translation

2. Scaling

3. Rotation

4. Reflection
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5. Shearing
 1. Translation

 A translation is applied to an object by repositioning it along a

straight line path from one coordinate location to another.

 We translate a two-dimensional point by adding translation

distance and to the original coordinate position (x,y) to
move the point to a new position (x’, y’).

x’ = x + and y’ = y +

 The translation distance pair ( , ) is called a translation 3

 Cont’d …
 In matrix form it is represented as the following transformation equation:

P’ = P + T
 Where P = , P’ = and T = => translation matrix

 Translation is a rigid – body translation that moves objects without deformation

.
 A straight line segment is translated by applying the transformation equation
to each of the line end points and redrawing the line between new end points.
 Polygons are translated by adding the translation vector to the coordinate
position of each vertex and regenerating the polygon using new set of vertex
coordinates
 To translate a circle or ellipse we translate the center coordinates and redraw
the circle or ellipse in the new center 4
 Cont’d …
 Example: Translate the line between end points A (2,-1) and B
(3,4) with translation factors = 2 , = 3
 Solution : A = => + => + =
B = => + => + =

B’(5,
7)
B(3,
4)

A’(4,
2)

A(2,-
1)

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 2. Scaling
 A scaling transformation changes the size of an object

 In the scaling process either we can expand or compress the

dimension of the object

 Scaling can be achieved by multiplying the original coordinates of

the object with the scaling factor to get the desired result

 Let (x,y) be the original coordinates , the scaling factors are :

: scaling factor along x- axis
: scaling factor along y- axis

 And the produced coordinates are (x’, y’) , mathematically as follows

x’ = x ∙ and y’ = y ∙ 6
 Cont’d …
 If denote (x,y) by P and (x’, y’) by P’ then
P’ = P ∙ S
 In matrix form : =
 Notes:

1. Any positive numeric value can be assigned to the scaling factor

and
 values less than 1 reduce the size of objects whereas values greater
than 1 produces an enlargement.

2. When = the scaling is a uniform scaling

3. When ≠ the scaling is a differential scaling

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 Cont’d …
 Example : A rectangle is defined as scale the rectangle with scaling
factor = 2 and = 1
Solution : A’ = = , B’ = =
C’ = = , D’ = =

D(1, C(5, D’(2,3)

C’(10,
3) 3) 3)

A(1, B(5, A’(2, B’(10

1) 1) 1) ,1)

al angl e
origin e d rect
ec t a ngl Scale
r 8
 3. Rotation
 To generate a rotation ,we have to specify a rotation angle θ and the
position ( , ) of the rotation point about which the object is to be
rotated .
 Positive values for the rotation angle define counterclockwise
rotation about the pivot point and negative values rotate objects in
the clockwise direction.

 Let us discuss about the rotation of a point P(x,y) when the point is at
the origin (0,0)
 Suppose P is a point having coordinate (x,y) is rotated with in an angle 9
 Cont’d …
 Ø is the original angular position of the point P from the horizontal (x-
axis).
 The polar coordinates of P can be expressed as :
x=r
y= r
 Similarly, the polar coordinates of P’ can be expressed as :
x’ = r = r ∙ => x -y
y’ = r = + r ∙ => y + x

In matrix : = => Rotation matrix in anti-clockwise

direction
x'  xr  ( x  xr ) cos   ( y  yr ) sin 
Similarly , = => Rotation matrix in clockwise direction
y '  yr  ( x  xr ) sin   ( y  yr ) cos 
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Cont’d …
 Example : perform a 45-degree rotation of triangle
A(0,0) ,B(1,1) , C(5,2)
a) About the origin
b) About point(-1,-1)
Solution :
a ) = R(45) =

= =

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 Homogeneous Coordinate System
 To obtain square matrices an additional row was added to the matrix
and an additional coordinate, the w-coordinate, was added to the
vector for a point.
 In this way a point in 2D space is expressed in three-dimensional
homogeneous coordinates.
 This technique of representing a point in a space whose dimension is
one greater than that of the point is called homogeneous
representation.
 It provides a consistent, uniform way of handling affine
transformations

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 Cont’d …
 If we use homogeneous coordinates, the geometric
transformations given above can be represented using only a
matrix pre-multiplication.
 A composite transformation can then be represented by a
product of the corresponding matrices.
Cartesian Homogeneous

( x, y ) 
  ( xh, yh, h), h 0

 a b
 ,    ( a, b, c ), c 0
 c c

Examples: (5, 8) (15, 24, 3)

(x, y) (x, y, 1)
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 Cont’d …
Why Do We Use Homogenous Coordinates?

1. We can represent all transformations as matrix multiplication

2. We can capture composite transformations conveniently

3. We can represent a point at infinity which is needed when we want

to represent a point at infinity in a certain direction
 For our convenience ,we generally take h=1

(x,y) =>(x,y,1) or =>

Examples: (0,1,2) = (, , ) =>(0, )
(0,0.5,1) => (0,0.5)

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Homogeneous Coordinate
Representation
1. Translation of :
=
2. Scaling
= or P’ = S(, ).P
3. Rotation
= or P’ = R().P

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 4. Reflection
 It is a transformation that produces a mirror image of an
object

 The mirror image for a 2D reflection is generated relative to an

axis of reflection by rotating the object 180 degree about the
reflection axis 1

Y
Original position
2 3

2’ 3’
Reflected
position
X
1’ 16
Cont’d …

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 Reflection about the y-axis
 Reflection about y-axis is accomplished with transformation matrix is
as follows:
2 2’

3 1 1’ 3’

 . This transformation keeps y value same ,but flips x values of the

coordinate positions

X’= - x , y ’= y

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 Reflection about the x-axis
 Reflection about x-axis is accomplished with transformation matrix is
as follows:

 This transformation keeps x value same ,but flips y values of the

coordinate positions
x’= x , y ’= -y

Reflection about the origin

 Reflection of an object relative to an axis perpendicular to the xy
plane and passing through the coordinate origin
 transformation matrix is as follows: and both x and y values
flips
x’= -x , y ’= -y
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 Reflection about the line (y=x)
 Transformation matrix is as follows

 This transformation interchanges both x and y values:

Reflection about the line (y=-x) x’= y , y ’= x
 transformation matrix is as follows

 This transformation interchanges and flips both x and y values:

x’= -y , y ’= -x
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 Example

1. A triangle ABC is given. The coordinates of A, B, C are given

as A (3 4), B (6 4) and C (4 8)

I. Find reflected position of triangle i.e., to the x-axis.

A(3,4) reflected point is (3, -4).

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 5. Shearing
 A transformation that slants the shape of an object is called the
shear transformation.
 There are two shear transformations X-Shear and Y-Shear.
 One shifts X coordinates values and other shifts Y coordinate values.
However; in both the cases only one coordinate changes its
coordinates and other preserves its values.
 Shearing is also termed as Skewing.
5.1 X-Shearing
 The X-Shear preserves the Y coordinate and changes are made to X
coordinates, which causes the vertical lines to tilt right or left.
 Transformation matrix
, where = shearing factor
 Transforms coordinate
x’= x+ ∙ y andposition
y ’= as: 23
y
 Cont’d …
5.2 Y-Shearing
 The Y-Shear preserves the X coordinates and changes the Y coordinates which
causes the horizontal lines to transform into lines which slopes up or down as shown
in the following figure.

 Transformation matrix x’= x• and

Transforms
y ’= y coordinate
+ ∙x
position as:
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, where = shearing factor along y-axis
THANK YOU!
ANY QUESTI
O N S?

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