ملخص الكيمياء التحليلية والتحليل اآللي
analytical
quantit
y quality
Chemical
(concentration) physical
molarity molality
Step of quantitative Analysis:
1-selecting method
2-obtain representative sample
3-prepare a laboratory sample
4-Define replicate sample
5-Dissolve the samples
6-Feliminate interferences
7-measure property of the analyte
8-calculate results
9-Estimate the reliability of results
Evaluating result and estimating their reliability
Accuracy : the closeness of result to the real
value
Precision : the closeness of result of each other
(not accuracy and not (not accuracy but (not precision but
precision) (accuracy and precision)
precision) accuracy)
Accuracy : Precision:
Relative Error = x100% Error =
Relative standard deviation(RSD): Deviation= :االنحراف عن المتوسط
RSD= They are 3 terms are wildly used to
describe the precision:-
Mean=
1- STD :
Mean for replicate measurements:
S=
2- sample variance= S2
Spread( range ) =
3- coefficient of variation (CV):
Q test :
CV=.100%
Q=xb: اكبر قيمةxn: xb اقرب قيمة ل
R: range=
W= :Spread
Q-test : الهدف منه استثناء القيم التي اقل
منها
x< Q-test تستثنى قيمة الكس
Kind of error :
1-systematic : (reduce accuracy)
instrument not zerord properly
Reagents made at worng concentration
Single direction
Can be corrected by proper calibration or running controls and
blanks
2- random: (reduce Precision)
• Temperature in room varies wildly
• Person running test is not properly trained
• In any direction
Can’t be corrected . Can only be accounted for by using statistics
3-gross error or outlier
Significant figures :
1-all nonzero are Significant :
32.3 (3 SF)
5 (1 SF)
2- zeroes between nonzero are Significant :
204 (3 SF)
5.002 (4 SF)
3-zeroes at the beginning of first non-zero digit are
never Significant :
0.007 (1 SF)
0.00204 (3 SF)
4- zeroes at the end of a number :
A- and after decimal point are Significant:
32.00 (4 SF)
2.0100 (5 SF )
B- and has no decimal point are not Significant:
7300 (2 SF)
80900 (3 SF)
5- in addition and subtraction with the lowest decimal
value determine the place of the last SF in the answer:
4.32 + 5.1 = 9.42 = 9.4
6- in multiplication and division the number of SF of an
answer is the lowest number of SF for the
measurements used :
9.52 x 1.4 = 13.328 =13
(3 SF) (2 SF) (2 SF)
7- Logarithm: number of SF for measurements its equal
the number right of decimal point for answer :
log(3.44) = 0.536558 = 0.536
(3 SF ) ( 3 number after decimal point)
Analytical :
recognize the quality and quantity of the substance
.
Quality Quantity
Quality: physical change (with out Quantity: chemical change
reaction) (concentration)
Reaction : break or build chemical Concentration: the amount of solute
bonding in the solution
It can be classified with the naked It can be classified only with device
eye or with device
The value is very important
The value of the property doesn’t
-We have a glass of water :
matter
300 ml , 300 g , 1 mol of water
-we have a sample of ethanol :
Color less , liquid , low boiling point
Gravimetric methods of analysis
-Mechanism of foiling (precipitates):
Particle
Coagulation
growth
Mechanism
Particle
nucleation Coagulation
growth
-properties of particle:
colloid : very small
(10-5,10-7) particle
crystal
Properties of precipitating reagent:
1-easily filtered
2-low solubility
3-unreactive with atmosphere
4-known composition
Kind of concentration:
1-saturated
2-diluted
3-super saturation
Relative super saturation=
Q:is the conc. of reactant before precipitation
S:solubility
There are many ways to partical size control :
1- low concentration:
A-Stirring
B-Slow addition
2-Incresed solubility
3-Elevated temperature
4-digestion: the process through which a sample is
converted from a solid to a liquid
digestion filtration washing drying ignition balance
Problem that occure when formed
ppt
1-Co precipitation
The solution:
A-Digestion and wait to precipitate and form larger and purer
particles
B-Redissolving the sample and precipitating it again.
2-Surface Adsorption:
A-Absorption(chemical):is where a liquid is soaked up into
something like a sponge, cloth or filter paper. The liquid is
completely absorbed into the absorbent material.
B-Adsorption(physical): refers to individual molecules, atoms or
ions gathering on surfaces.
separatio Put it in
The solution: Recrystallization
ignition Cooling
n paper
3-mixed crystal formation:
A contaminate ion replace an ion in the lattice of crystal
The solution:
Selective precipitating agent
4-occlusions:
A type of coprecipitation in which a compound is trapped within a
pocket formed during rapid crystal growth
The solution :Re-precipitating
5- mechanical entrapment :
A type of coprecipitation which occurs when crystals lie close
together during growth
The solution :Re-precipitating
Calculate of result from gravimetric
%A=
G.F.= gravimetric factor
G.F.=
Titrimetric method of analysis
Titrimetric : A chemical regent of exactly known concentration.
Properties of standard solution :
1-sufficiently stable
2- react rapidy with analyte
3- react more or less completely
4-selective reaction
Primary standard:
1-high pure 2-stability toward air
3- low cost 4-Large molar mass
5-Absance of hydrate water
6- Reasonable solubility
End point:
When the reaction is finished by change of color
Equivlence point:
It’s critical point that can’t be determined experminlly.
Titration:
Methods are based on determining the quantity of regent the
volume of a stand regent is the measured quantity
M1V1=M2V2
Standard solution:
Is a regent of known concentration are used in titration and in many
other chemical analyte
Back titration :
Is a process in which the excess of standard solution used to
consume an analyte is determine by titration with a second
standard solution
Theory of neutralization
Acid + base
titrations salt + water
PH<7 PH>7 PH=7
Acid /Base Indicators :
It’s weak organic acid or base that it’s undissociated form differ in
color from its conjugate form.
HIn + H2o In- + H3o+
In + h2o InH+ + oH –
ka= kw= 1 x 10-14
PH range = pka 1
Pka=-log[ka]
Variables that Influence the Behavior of Indicator :
1-temperature 2- ionic strength
3-presence of organic solvents 4-colloidal particles
Some indicators:
Methel orange PH=(3.2-4.4) red-orange
Methel red PH=(4.2-6.3) red-yollow
Ph.ph PH=(8.3-10) colorless-pink
Henderson hasselbalch equation:
PH = Pka + log(
Buffer solution :
It’s a solution of conjugated Acid-Base pair that resists change in PH
