Emix notes : ESHAL SAMEEHA .

M
INTRODUCTION
In our daily life we come across various kinds of motions. You have already learnt about
some of them, e.g., rectilinear motion and motion of a projectile. Both these motions
are non-repetitive.

PLANETS IN CIRCULAR MOTION

We have also learnt about uniform circular motion and orbital motion of planets in the
solar system. In these cases, the motion is repeated after a certain interval of time,
that is, it is periodic.

ROCKING CHAIR

In your childhood, you must have enjoyed rocking in a cradle or swinging on a swing.

Both these motions are repetitive in nature but different from the periodic motion of a
planet. Here, the object moves to and fro about a mean position.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PERIODIC MOTION OF
PLANET AND SWINGING OF A ROCKING CHAIR ?

•Planetary motion is circular and periodic, not oscillatory.

•Rocking motion is back-and-forth and oscillatory, repeating around a fixed
central position.

•BECAUSE in oscillatory motion the object follows same trajectory while in circular
motion the the obeject reaches to its intial position but with DIFFERENT
TRAJECTORE
The pendulum of a wall clock executes a similar motion. Examples of such
periodic to and fro motion abound: a boat tossing up and down in a river,
the piston in a steam engine going back and forth, etc. Such a motion is
termed as oscillatory motion.

. In musical instruments, like the sitar, the guitar or the violin, we come
across vibrating strings that produce pleasing sounds. The membranes in
drums and diaphragms in telephone and speaker systems vibrate to and
fro about their mean positions.

The vibrations of air molecules make the

propagation of sound possible.

In a solid, the atoms vibrate about their equilibrium positions, the average
energy of vibrations being proportional to temperature
The power supply of AC (alternating current) is considered oscillatory because the
current and voltage in an AC circuit change back and forth (reverse direction)
periodically.
This motion is similar to an oscillation because:

1.Alternates Direction: The current flows first in one direction, then reverses to flow in
the opposite direction.

2.Repeats in Time: This back-and-forth motion happens at a regular interval, creating a

sinusoidal wave pattern.

In simple terms: AC is oscillatory because its flow goes back and forth in a repetitive
cycle.
s. Suppose an insect climbs up a ramp and falls
down, it comes back to the initial point and repeats
the process identically. If you draw a graph of its
height above the ground versus time, it would look
something like Fig. 14.1 (a).

If a child climbs up a step, comes down, and

repeats the process identically, its height above
the ground would look like that in Fig. 14.1 (b).

When you play the game of bouncing a ball off the

ground, between your palm and the ground, its
height versus time graph would look like the one in
Fig. 14.1 (c).

•Parabolic Motion: can be represented by newtons equation S= ut +1/2 at2

h = ut + gt2 for downward motion, and

h = ut – gt 2 for upward motion,

 DOUBT : WHY U WAS SAID TO BE DIFFERENT IN EACH CASE

•After each bounce, the ball loses some energy because of air resistance
and the impact with the ground or palm.

•This means the ball doesn't bounce back as high as before, so its uuu
becomes smaller after every bounce.

•Since u determines how high the ball goes, the parabolas get smaller after
each bounce.

•The first bounce has a large u, so the parabola is tall.

•The next bounce has a smaller u, so the parabola is shorter, and so on.

In Simple Terms:
Each bounce starts with a different speed (u)
because the ball slows down after each impact.
This is why the height of the parabolas decreases
in the graph.
METHOD OF A PERIODIC MOTION

•# OSCILLATORY
a motionMOTION
that repeats itself at regular intervals of time is called periodic
motion.
• Very often, the body undergoing periodic motion has an equilibrium
position somewhere inside its path. When the body is at this position no net
external force acts on it. Therefore, if it is left there at rest, it remains there
• forever
. Therefore, if it is left there at rest, it remains there forever.

• If the body is given a small displacement from the position, a force comes into play
which tries to bring the body back to the equilibrium point, giving rise to oscillations or
vibrations.

• For example, a ball placed in a bowl will be in equilibrium at the bottom. If displaced a
little from the point, it will perform oscillations in the bowl.

• Every oscillatory motion is periodic, but every periodic motion need not be oscillatory.
Circular motion is a periodic motion, but it is not oscillatory. There is no significant
difference between oscillations and vibrations. It seems that when the frequency is
TIME PERIOD AND FREQUENCY
We have seen that any motion that repeats itself at regular intervals of time
is called periodic motion.

TIME PERIOD :-

The smallest interval of time after which the motion is repeated is called its
period. Let us denote the period by the symbol T. Its SI unit is second.

IN OSCILLATORY MOTIONS IT IS : TIME TAKE FOR THE COMPLETION OF ONE

OSCILLATION

FOR PERIODIC MOTIONS which are either too fast or too slow on the scale of
seconds, other convenient units of time are used.

• The period of vibrations of a quartz crystal is expressed in units of

microseconds (10–6 s) abbreviated as µs.

• On the other hand, the orbital period of the planet Mercury is 88 earth
days.
FREQUENCY :

The reciprocal of T gives the number of repetitions that occur per unit
time. This quantity is called the frequency of the periodic motion. It is
represented by the symbol ν.

IN OSSCILATORY MOTION : NO OF OSCILATIONS PER UNIT TIME

The relation between ν and T is

ν = 1/T

The unit of ν is thus s–1.

• After the discoverer of radio waves, Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857–

1894), a special name has been given to the unit of frequency. It is
called hertz (abbreviated as Hz).

Thus, 1 hertz = 1 Hz =1 oscillation per second =1 s–1

DOUBT :

A function is a rule or relationship that connects

inputs to outputs. It tells you how to take an
input (a number, for example) and use a specific
rule to get an output.
Key Points:
1.Inputs and Outputs:
1. A function takes an input value (like x) and
produces an output value (like y).
2. Example: In the function IF X= 2Y

THEN IF X=4 , THEN OUTPUT : Y=2

NOTE : The derivation will be re done after

proper understanding
Redo
derivation
Simple harmonic motion
Consider a particle oscillating back and forth about the origin of an x-
axis between the limits +A and –A as shown in Fig. 13.3.

This oscillatory motion is said to be simple harmonic if the

displacement x of the particle from the origin varies

with time as : x (t) = A cos (ω t + φ)

where A, ω and φ are constants.

Thus, simple harmonic motion (SHM) is not any periodic motion but
one in which displacement is a sinusoidal function of time.

Fig. 13.4 shows the positions of a particle executing SHM at discrete

value of time, each interval of time being T/4, where T is the period of
motion.

Fig. 13.5 plots the graph of x versus t, which gives the values of
displacement as a continuous function of time. The quantities A,
ω and φ which characterize a given SHM have standard names, as
summarised in Fig. 13.6.

Let us understand these quantities.

The amplitutde A of SHM is the magnitude of maximum displacement of

the particle. [Note, A can be taken to be positive without

argument (ωt + φ) in the cosine function.

This time-dependent quantity, (ωt + φ) is called the phase of the motion.

The value of plase at t = 0 is φ and is called the phase constant (or phase
angle).

If the amplitude is known, φ can be determined from the displacement at t

= 0. Two simple harmonic motions may have the same A and ω but
different phase angle φ, as shown in Fig. 13.7 (b).

Finally, the quantity ω can be seen to be related to the period of motion T.

Taking, for simplicity, φ = 0 in Eq. (13.4), we have
x(t) = A cos ωt (13.5) Since the motion has a
period T, x (t) is equal to x (t + T).

That is, A cos ωt = A cos ω (t + T ) (13.6)

Now the cosine function is periodic with period 2π,

i.e., it first repeats itself when the argument
changes by 2π.

Therefore, ω(t + T ) = ωt + 2π

that is ω = 2π/ T (13.7) ω is called the angular

frequency of SHM.

Its S.I. unit is radians per second.

Since the frequency of oscillations is simply 1/T, ω

is 2π times the frequency of oscillation.

Two simple harmonic motions may have the same

A and φ, but different ω, as seen in Fig. 13.8.

In this plot the curve (b) has half the period and