Hazards caused by

GEOLOGIC
PROCESSES
 3 GEOLOGIC
HAZARDS

EARTHQUAKE VOLCANIC LANDSLIDE

ERUPTION
1. EARTHQUAKE

• also known as quake or

temblor.
• is the perceptible shaking of
the surface of the Earth,
which can be violent enough
to destroy major
buildingsand kill thousands
of people.
• the plate tectonic theory
explains that the interaction
of plates occur on their
 EARTHQUAKE

• MAGNITUDE

measure the energy released at

the source of the earthquake.

• INTENSITY
measure the strength of shaking
produced by the earthquake at a
certain location.
 HAZARDS ASSOCIATED
WITH EARTHQUAKES

A. Ground Shaking
• it is the vibration of the ground due
to plate movement or seismic waves
during an earthquake.
• living things may be disturbed by
this movement.
• buildings and other infrastructure
can be damaged by the effect of
ground shaking.
• these structure can also be damaged
when the ground beneath them sinks
 HAZARDS ASSOCIATED
WITH EARTHQUAKES

B. Surface Faulting
• the tearing if the ground when
the movement of a fault deep
within Earth breaks through to
ground surface.
• buildings, roads, railroads,
tunnels, and pipelines are
susceptible to surface faulting
damage.
• animal habitats may also be
2. VOLCANIC ERUPTION

• the location of the

Philippines in the Pacific Ring
of Fire is near the subduction
zone of the Pacific Plate.
• subduction zone is the
sinking region of a
convergent plate boundaries.
• because of the activities of
these plates, the Philippines
is prone to volcanic
eruptions.
According to
PHIVOLCS,
there are more
than 20
historically
active
volcanoes in
the country
that have
manifested a
volcanic
activity in the
last 600 years.
Other related hazards in volcanic
eruptions:

Lahar Flow: A lahar is a

destructive flow of volcanic
debris and water, often
resembling a fast-moving
mudslide. It typically forms
when volcanic ash mixes with
water from heavy rains,
snowmelt, or a nearby river,
flowing downhill and damaging
everything in its path.
Ash Flow: Also known
as a pyroclastic flow, it
refers to a fast-moving
cloud of volcanic ash,
gas, and hot
fragments that rushes
down the side of a
volcano during an
explosive eruption.
Ballistic Projectiles:
These are volcanic
rocks or fragments
that are ejected
explosively from a
volcano during an
eruption. They can be
thrown over long
distances and pose
serious risks to areas
close to the volcano.
Lava Flow: Lava flow
refers to the molten
rock that comes out
of a volcano during
an eruption and
flows down its sides.
Lava flows are
typically slow-
moving but can
cause extensive
damage to
structures and the
environment.
3. LANDSLIDES

• occur in sloping terrain.

• usually, if the soil is not
compact and devoid of
vegetation, gravity can
drive soil and rocks to
slide.
• natural factors that can
induce a landslide are
wind and water.
• it can also be triggered by
 2 types of
LANDSLIDES
A. Rainfall-Induced Landslide
• In sloping areas, the gravitational
descent of loosened soil makes it
possible for landslide to occur.
• this is common in places with tropical
climates after very intense and long rains
during the West season.
• a steep slope with structures has a high
vulnerability to landslides. It increases
the chances of structures to slide by
gravitational descent.
 2 types of
LANDSLIDES
B. Earthquake-Induced Landslide
• this type of landslide happens
during or after an earthquake
when a piece of weakenedoff
primarily due to gravity.
• the development of rail rock or
soil foundation may be due to
natural make-up of the soil
consisting of a softer layer
beneath solid bedrock; man-
Describe the various
hazards that may
happen in the event
of Earthquakes,
Volcanic Eruptions,
and Landslides.
 Hazards of Earthquake, Volcanic
Eruption, and Landslide;

1. EARTHQUAKES

• ground shaking can

cause building collapse
and injuries.
• ground rupture can
damage infrastructure
and disrupt roads.
• Tsunamis in coastal areas
can cause flooding and
2. VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

• Pyroclastic flow are fast-

moving avalanches of hot
ash and rock.
• Lava flows can destroy
buildings and infrastructure.
• Ashfall can disrupt
transportation and damage
crops.
3. LANDSLIDES

• Rockfalls pose a hazard to

people and structures.
• Debris flows can damage
buildings and infrastructure.
• Landslide dams can collapse,
causing flooding downstream.
• Erosions increases the risk of
future landslides and impact
habitat.
 Areas in the
Philippines that are
prone to hazards
brought about by
Earthquakes, Volcanic
Eruptions, and
Landslides.
1. Earthquake

• Surigao del Sur • Ifugao

• La Union • Davao Oriental
• Benguet • Nueva Vizcaya
• Pangasinan • Nueva Ecija
• Pampanga
• Tarlac
2. VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

• Camiguin
• Sulu
• Biliran
• Albay
• Bataan
• Sorsogon
• South Cotabato
• Laguna
• Camarines Sur
• Batanes
3. Landslides

• Marinduque
• Rizal
• Cebu
• La Union
• Southern Leyte
• Benguet
• Nueva Vizcaya
• Batangas
• Mountain Province
• Romblon
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