ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

OF POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND SOLIDS.

TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT,

ONE MUST HAVE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
A) OBJECT
{ WITH IT’S DESCRIPTION, WELL DEFINED.}
B) OBSERVER
{ ALWAYS OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESP. REF.PLANE}.
C) LOCATION OF OBJECT,
{ MEANS IT’S POSITION WITH REFFERENCE TO H.P. & V.P.}

TERMS ‘ABOVE’ & ‘BELOW’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO H.P.

AND TERMS ‘INFRONT’ & ‘BEHIND’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO V.P
FORM 4 QUADRANTS.
OBJECTS CAN BE PLACED IN ANY ONE OF THESE 4 QUADRANTS.

IT IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE POSITIONS OF VIEWS ( FV, TV )

OF THE OBJECT WITH RESP. TO X-Y LINE, WHEN PLACED IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS.

STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON HEXT PAGES AND NOTE THE RESULTS.TO MAKE IT EASY
HERE A POINT A IS TAKEN AS AN OBJECT. BECAUSE IT’S ALL VIEWS ARE JUST POINTS.
 NOTATIONS

FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S TOP VIEW a ab

IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’

IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”

SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED

INCASE NUMBERS, LIKE 1, 2, 3 – ARE USED.
 VP
2 nd
Quad. 1ST Quad.

Y
Observer

X Y HP
X

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.
 Point A is POINT A IN VP POINT A IN
Placed In 2ND QUADRANT 1ST QUADRANT
VP a’
different A A
quadrants a’
and it’s Fv & Tv a
are brought in
same plane for HP OBSERVER

Observer to see
clearly. HP OBSERVER
Fv is visible as
it is a view on
VP. But as Tv is a
is a view on Hp,
it is rotated
downward 900,
In clockwise
direction.The
In front part of a
Hp comes below
xy line and the
part behind Vp HP
comes above. HP OBSERVER
OBSERVER

Observe and
note the a
process. a’
A a’
POINT A IN A POINT A IN
3 QUADRANT
RD
VP 4TH QUADRANT
VP
 PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For Tv For Tv

PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

PRESENTATION A PRESENTATION
a’ a’
F or
A Fv
Y Y
Y F or
Fv a a’
a
X a X X A F or
Fv

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.

Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

Tv below xy. Tv on xy. Tv below xy.
VP VP VP

a’ a’

X Y X Y X
a’ Y
a

a a

HP HP HP
 PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN SECOND QUADRANT.
POINT A ABOVE HP
& BEHIND VP
For Tv

F or
Fv
A

X
 PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.
INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE means
IT’S LENGTH,
POSITION OF IT’S ENDS WITH HP & VP
IT’S INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP WILL BE GIVEN.
AIM:- TO DRAW IT’S PROJECTIONS - MEANS FV & TV.

SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE

1. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP)

2. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.

3. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.

4. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.

5. LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.

STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON NEXT PAGE

SHOWING CLEARLY THE NATURE OF FV & TV
OF LINES LISTED ABOVE AND NOTE RESULTS.
 For Tv Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) V.P.
a’
Note: a’
Fv is a vertical line
. A Fv
V.P
Showing True Length
1. FV &
Tv is a point. b’
A Line b’
perpendicular Y
X Y
Fo
to Hp B rF
v
& TV a b
Tv a b
// to Vp X

H.P.
Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) For Tv Note: V.P.
Fv & Tv both are
2. // to xy a’ Fv b’
.
A Line V.P F.V
.
b’ &
B both show T. L.
// to Hp a’
& A Y X Y
// to Vp Fo
rF
v
b a b
Tv
X V.
T.
a
H.P.
 Fv inclined to xy V.P.
Tv parallel to xy. b’
3. .
V.P
b’
.
F.V
A Line inclined to Hp B

V.


F.
a’
and  Y
parallel to Vp a’ X Y

(Pictorial presentation) A
a b
b T.V.
.
X T.V
a
H.P.
Orthographic Projections

Tv inclined to xy V.P.
4. Fv parallel to xy.
.
V.P . b’ a’ Fv b’
A Line inclined to Vp F.V
and a’
Ø
parallel to Hp A B X Y
(Pictorial presentation) a Ø

Ø Tv
a b
T.V.
b
H.P.
 For Tv
For Tv
5. A Line inclined to both
Hp and Vp b’
b’ .
. V.P
V.P (Pictorial presentation)
B

.
B

F.V
.
F.V


 Y
Y
On removal of object a’ For
a’ For i.e. Line AB F v
F v Fv as a image on Vp.
A
A Tv as a image on Hp,

 X
X a T.V. b
a T.V. b
V.P.
b’
FV
a’ 

X Y
Orthographic Projections Note These Facts:-
Fv is seen on Vp clearly. Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy.
To see Tv clearly, HP is a  (No view is parallel to xy)
rotated 900 downwards, Both Fv & Tv are reduced
Hence it comes below xy. TV lengths.
(No view shows True Length)
H.P. b
 Orthographic Projections Note the procedure Note the procedure
Means Fv & Tv of Line AB When Fv & Tv known, When True Length is known,
are shown below, How to find True Length. How to locate FV & TV.
with their apparent Inclinations (Views are rotated to determine (Component a’b2’ of TL is drawn
True Length & it’s inclinations which is further rotated
&
with Hp & Vp). to determine FV)
V.P. V.P. V.P.
b’ b’ b 1’ b’ b1’

FV FV Fv
TL
TL  b2 ’
a’  a’  a’ 

X Y X Y X Y

b1
a  b1 a Ø
a  TV 
TL
TV TV Tv

H.P. b H.P. b H.P. b b2

Here TV (ab) is not // to XY line In this sketch, TV is rotated Here a’b1’ is component
Hence it’s corresponding FV and made // to XY line. of TL ab1 gives length of FV.
a’ b’ is not showing Hence it’s corresponding Hence it is brought Up to
True Length & FV a’ b1’ Is showing Locus of a’ and further rotated
True Inclination with Hp. True Length to get point b’. a’ b’ will be Fv.
& Similarly drawing component
True Inclination with Hp. of other TL(a’b1‘) TV can be drawn.
Type-I:Given projections (FV & TV) of the line. To find True length & true inclination of
the line with HP (θ) and with VP(Φ).
End A of a line AB is 20mm above HP & 20mm in front of VP while its end B is 55mm above HP and 75mm
in front of VP. The distance between end projectors of the line is 50mm. Draw projections of the line and
find its true length and true inclination with the principal planes. Also mark its traces.
Given,
A: 20mm ↑HP,20 mm →VP b’ b1’
θ: True inclination of the
B: 55mm ↑HP,75 mm →VP
line with HP = 26º
a0 b0 = 50 mm
α : Inclination of FV of the
To draw FV & TV, =8 3
TL line with HP/XY
To find TL, θ ,Ø, HT & VT
a’ 55
b2’
θ α
h
v’ 20
a0 b0 Ø: True inclination of the
X h’ v Y
line with VP = 41º
50 β : Inclination of TV of the
20
Φ β line with VP/XY
a b1
h’v’a’b’ are always collinear.

TL
h v a b are always collinear.
=8 75
3

b b2
List of questions of type I : 10.13,10.7,5,11,12, 10.28,18,23,26,10.18,10.23
Line inclined to both HP & VP PROBLEM
Type –II Given (i) T.L., θ and Ø, A line AB, 70mm long, has its end A 25 mm
(ii) T.L., F.V., T.V. above HP and 25mm in front of VP. It is
to draw projections, find α, β,H.T. and V.T. inclined at 30° to HP and 45°to VP. Draw its
projections and mark its traces.
b’ b1’
Given,
A: 25mm ↑HP,25 mm →VP
TL=70mm,
70 θ=30º,
Ø=45º
a’ b2’ To draw/find,
30°
FV, TV, HT & VT
25
h v’

X h’ v Y
25 List of questions of type II :
45° b1 10.8,10.11,10.12,10.14,10.17,
a 10.10,1,4,6,8,

70

b b2
Trapezoidal Method
This method is used to determine true length, true inclination, θ and Ø when
projections of the line (FV & TV) are already given.

B2
Let a’b’ and ab are FV & TV of a line.
For solving
Now draw perpendiculars
the problem byattrapezoidal
a’ and b’
method draw perpendiculars at a and b
Measure distance of aa’from fromthe theXY
XYline
lineand
and mark
mark it onitthe
on perpendicular
the perpendiculardrawndrawn
from a’.
b’
from a.
Similarly measure the distance of b b’from
A2 fromXY
the theline
XYand linemark
and mark
it on the
it on the
perpendicular drawn from b’. b.
Ø
a’ Mark the points as A1and B1 respectively
X YMark the points as A2and B2 respectively
and join them. This will give True length of
v’ h and join them. This will give True length of
a the line.
A1 the line.this line to intersect the top view.
Extend
θ Extend
The thisofline
point to intersect
intersection the HT
gives frontand
view.
the
The point
angle of intersection
between TL and TV gives
will VT and the
be θ.
b angle between TL and FV will be Ø.
Note: If the distances of the points are measured on
the opposite sides of XY line, then perpendiculars are
drawn on opposite sides and, points are also marked
B1 on opposite sides.
Q10.11 The top view of a 75mm long line AB measures 65mm,while its front view measures
50mm. Its one end A is in HP and12mm in front of VP. Draw the projections of AB and
determine its inclination with HP and VP
To draw FV &TV of the line AB
Given, Hint: Draw ab1=65mm // to XY.
To find θ & Ø
TL=75mm,TV=65mm,FV=50mm Because when TV is // to XY, FV
A is in HP & 12mm→VP gives TL.
b’ b 1’

Ans. θ=30º
50

75
Ans. Ø=48º
a’
X Y
30º
12

65 b1
a
48º
75
65

b b2
Q10.12 A line AB, 65mm long has its end A 20mm above H.P. and 25mm in front of VP. The
end B is 40mm above H.P. and 65mm in front of V.P. Draw the projections of AB and show its
inclination with H.P. and V.P.

Given, To draw FV &TV of the line Hint1:Mark a’ 20mm above

TL=65mm AB H.P & a 25mm below XY

A is 20mm ↑ HP & 25mm →V.P. To find θ & Ø

Hint2:Draw locus of b’ 40mm
B is 40mm ↑ & 65mm → V.P.
above XY & locus of b 65 mm
below XY
b’ b 1’

a’ 65 b 2’

40
18º
20

Ans. θ=18º
X Y
Ans. Ø=38º
25

38º b1
a
65

65

b b2
Q10.13:The projectors of the ends of a line AB are 5cm apart. The end A is 2cm above the
H.P and 3cm in front of V.P. The end B is1cm below H.P. and 4cm behind the V.P. Determine
the true length and traces of AB, and its inclination with the two planes

Given,
To find,
a0b0=50mm True Length, θ,Ø, H.T. and V.T.
A is 20mm ↑ HP & 30mm →V.P.
B is 10mm ↓ & 40mm ← V.P.

b b2

a’

40
h
b2 ’
20

v’ 91

X v h’ Y
50

10
b 1’
b’ 20º
30

Ans. θ=20º

a 50º b1
Ans. Ø=50º
Q10.14:A line AB, 90mm long, is inclined at 45º to the H.P. and its top view makes an angle of
60º with the V.P. The end A is in the H.P. and 12mm in front of V.P. Draw its front view and find
its true inclination with the V.P.

b’
Given, b 1’
T.L.=90mm, θ=45º, β=60º
A is in the H.P. & 12mm→V.P.

To find/draw,
F.V.,T.V. & Ø 90

Ans. Ø = 38º

a’
X Y
45º
b1
12

60º 38º
a

90

b b2
10.17:A line AB, 90mm long, is inclined at 30 to the HP. Its end A is 12mm above the HP and
20mm in front of the VP. Its FV measures 65mm. Draw the TV of AB and determine its
inclination with the VP
Given,
T.L.=90mm b’ b 1’
θ = 30º To find/draw,
A is 12mm ↑H.P. &20mm→V.P. T.V. & Ø
F.V.=65mm
90

a’ 65
30°
12

X Y
20

44° b1
a

Ans: Ø = 44º
90

b b2
Q23: The front view of a line makes an angle of 30º with the xy. The H.T. of the line is 45 mm
in front of the V.P., while its V.T. is 30 mm below the H.P. One end of the line is 10 mm above
the H.P. and the other end is 100 mm in front of the V.P.
Draw the projections of the line and determine (i) its true length, and (ii) its inclinations with
the H.P. and the V.P.
b’ b1’
Given, To find,
α =30º, True Length,
H.T.: 45 mm→V.P., θ, .
V.T. : 30 mm ↓H.P. Ø T.L
A: 10 mm ↑ H.P., a’ 23º b2’
B: 100 mm→V.P. 30º
X10
30 v h’
Y

45
v’

100
Ans. : T.L.= 66mm a 37º
θ = 23º b1
ø = 37º
T.L
.

b b2
Q10.19 A line AB, inclined at 40º to the V.P. has its end 50mm and 20mm above the H.P.
the length of its front view is 65mm and its V.T. is 10mm above the H.P. determine .the
true length of AB its inclination with the H.P. and its H.T.
Given, To find, Note: Here we do not know position of a
Ø = 40º, A is 20mm↑HP, TL, θ & HT and b in top view, but we know v’ and v.
B is 50 mm ↑ HP, FV=65mm, So for time being we consider the line as
VT is 10mm ↑ HP v’b’ instead of a’b’. Now if we make
b1 ’ b’ v’b’(FV) parallel to xy, we will get TL of
VB in top view at angle Ø.

85
a’
50

b3 ’ 21º h
v’

20
10
X Y
40º v h’

b1 Ans,
a
TL = 85 mm,
θ = 21º &
HT is 17 mm
behind VP

b3
Q10. A line AB is in the first quadrant. Its end A and B are 20 mm and 60 mm in front of
the V.P. respectively. The distance between the end projectors is 75 mm. The line is
inclined at 30º to the H.P. and its H.T. is 10 mm above the xy. Draw the projections of AB
and determine its true length and the V.T.
b’ b3’
Given, To draw F.V. Note: Here we do not know position
AB is in first quadrant, and T.V.
of a’ and b’ in front view, but we
A is 20mm→V.P., to find,TL, θ &
know h’ and h. So for time being we
B is 60 mm → V.P., V.T.
. consider the line as hb instead of ab.
a0b0= 75 mm,
T.L Now if we make hb(TV) parallel to
θ = 30º xy, we will get TL of HB in front
H.T. is 10mm↑ xy view at angle θ.
a’
Note: As b3’ and b’ lies on
a3’ the same locus, similarly
a3’ and a’ will also lie on
v’ the same locus. And a3’b3’
h b3
will be true length of AB
10

X Y
h’ 30º v a0 b0
Ans. TL= a3’b3’=98mm
20

75
VT is 13 mm above the H.P.
a

60
b
Q9. The front view of a line AB measures 65 mm and makes an angle of 45º with xy. A is
in the H.P. and V.T. of the line is 15 mm below the H.P. The line is inclined at 30º to the
V.P. draw the projections of AB and find its true length and inclination with the H.P. Also
locate its H.T.
Given,
To find, Note: Here we do not know position
FV=65mm,
α = 45º, TL, θ & HT of a and b in top view, but we know
A is inHP, v’ and v. So for time being we
VT is 15 mm ↓HP b’ b1 ’ consider the line as v’b’ instead of
Ø = 30º, a’b’. Now if we make v’b’(FV)
parallel to xy, we will get TL of VB
in top view at angle Ø.
.
T.L
65

v 30º a’
X h’ 45º 38º
Y
12
15

b1
a h
v’ b3 ’
Ans: TL=75mm
θ = 38º
HT is 12 mm in front of VP

b b3
Q10.10 A line PQ 100 mm long is inclined at 30º to the H.P. and at 45º to the V.P. Its
mid point is in the V.P. and 20 mm above the H.P. Draw its projections, if its end P is in
the third quadrant and Q is in the first quadrant.

Given,
To draw,
TL = 100, θ = 30º,Ø=45º, Mid point M is
20mm↑HP & in the VP FV & TV
End P in third quadrant &
End Q in first quadrant
q’ q1 ’
p2 p

p2 ’ 50 m’ 50 q2 ’
30º

20
p1 50 45º
X q1 Y
m
p1 ’ p’ 50

q q2