Chapter 1

Introduction to Machinery
Principles

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 Text book and supplementary
materials of this course

• Stephen J. Chapman
• , PH PTR , 5th edition
(Feb. 18, 2011)

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 Electric Machinery

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 What to learn in this course ?

• Energy Conversion schemes are the key

ideas introduced in this course
• Which types of energy conversion are
concerned?
• Electric energy to electric energy
– Transformer
• Electric energy to mechanical energy
– Motor
• Mechanical energy to electric energy
– Generator
• Magnetic energy is essential !
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 Chapter 1. Introduction to
machinery principles

1. Rotation motion, Newton’s law and power

relationships
2. The magnetic field
3. Faraday’s law
4. Produce an induced force on a wire
5. Produce an induced voltage on a conductor
6. Linear dc machine examples
7. Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC
circuits

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 Electrical Machines

• An electrical machine is a device that can convert

either mechanical energy to electrical energy or
electrical energy to mechanical energy. When such a
device is used to convert mechanical energy to
electrical energy, it is called a generator. When it
converts electrical energy to mechanical energy, it is
called a motor. Since any given electrical machine can
convert power in either direction, any machine can be
used as either a generator or a motor.

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 Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships

• Clockwise (CW) and Counterclockwise (CCW)

– CCW is assumed as the positive direction, CW is
assumed as the negative direction.
• Linear and rotation motion
– Angular Position
The angular position of an object is the angle at
which it is oriented, measured from some arbitrary
reference point. Angular position is usually
measured in radians or degrees. It corresponds to
the linear concept of distance along a line.

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 Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships

• Linear and rotation motion

– Linear velocity and angular velocity

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 Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships

– relationships

– Acceleration and angular acceleration

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 Torque

In linear motion, a force applied to an object causes its

velocity to change. In the absence of a net force on the
object, its velocity is constant. The greater the force
applied to the object, the more rapidly its velocity
changes. There exists a similar concept for rotation.
When an object is rotating, its angular velocity is
constant unless a torque is present on it. The greater
the torque on the object. the more rapidly the angular
velocity of the object changes.

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 Torque

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 Torque

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 Newton’s law of rotation

1. Force

2. Torque
A similar equation describes the relationship between
the torque applied to an object and its resulting
angular acceleration. This relationship, called
Newton’s law of rotation, is given by the equation

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 Newton’s law of rotation

1. Torque
where the net applied torque in newton-meters or
pound-feet and is the resulting angular acceleration
in radians per second squared. The term J serves the
same purpose as an object’s mass in linear motion. It
is called the moment of inertia of the object and is
measured in kilogram-meters squared.

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 Torque and Work

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 Power (rate of doing work)

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 Conversion between watts and
horsepower

1. Watts and horsepower

2. Conversion between two units

5252 / 7.04 = 746.02
1hp = 746W = 0.746kW

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 The magnetic field

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Produce a magnetic field – Ampere’s
law

1. The magnetic field is produced by ampere’s

law
2. The core is a ferromagnetic material

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Produce a magnetic field – Ampere’s
law

Magnetic field strength or field intensity (H) is

the amount of magnetizing force. Magnetic flux
density (B) is the amount of magnetic force
induced on the given body due to the
magnetizing force H. Permeability is the
measure of the ability of a material to support
the formation of a magnetic field within itself.

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From the magnetic field to magnetic
flux density

1. When the magnetic field is applied on a

ferromagnetic material, the magnetic flux
density B will be produced

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From the magnetic field to magnetic
flux density

Relative permeability is a convenient way to

compare the magnetizability of materials. For
example, the steels used in modern machines
have relative permeabilities of 2000 to 6000 or
even more. This means that, for a given amount
of current, 2000 to 6000 times more flux is
established in a piece of steel than in a
corresponding
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 Magnetic flux density and magnetic
flux

1. Magnetic flux density

2. Magnetic flux

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 Magnetic Circuit – magnetomotive
force

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 Magnetic Circuit – magnetomotive
force

The m.m.f. is that effect which sets up

the magnetic flux in a magnetic
circuit. Reluctance is the property of a magnetic
circuit of opposing the passage of
magnetic flux lines, equal to the ratio of the
magnetomotive force to the magnetic flux.

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 Magnetic circuit

1. Magnetic circuit

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 Electric circuit and magnetic circuit

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 Reluctance in magnetic circuit

1. Series connection

2. Parallel connection

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 The errors in magnetic circuit
computation

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 The errors in magnetic circuit
computation

4. Air gap “fringing effect”

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 Example 1-1

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 Magnetic circuit

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 MATLAB Programs

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 Example 1-2

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 Example 1-2

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 Example 1-3

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 Magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic
material - Saturation

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 Magnetic curve for a typical steel

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 A plot of relative permeability mr

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 Example 1-4

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 Example 1-5

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 Energy loss in ferromagnetic core –
hysteresis loss

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 Hysteresis loop – residual flux

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 The effect of magnetomotive force
on the hysteresis loop

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 Magnetization curve

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 Hysteresis loss

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 Hysteresis loss

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 Faraday’s law – induce voltage from
a time-varying magnetic field

1. Induced voltage magnitude and polarity

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 The induced voltage polarity –
Lenz’s law

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 Flux and flux linkage

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 Example 1-6

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 Produce an induced force on a wire

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 Example 1-7

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 Example 1-7

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 Relationship between electric-
magnetic variables

• Magnetic field: Ampere’s law

• Magnetic flux: magnetic material, hysteresis
characteristics
• Transformer: Faraday’s law, Len’s law

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 Induced voltage on a conductor

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 Example 1-8

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 Example 1-9

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 The linear DC machine – a simple
example

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 Starting a linear DC machine

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 Starting a linear DC machine

1. Current

2. Induced force

3. Induced voltage

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 Starting a linear DC machine

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 Summarize of a dc machine starting

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 DC linear machine operates at no-
load condition

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 Linear dc motor

• While the load is applied

• The conversion power between mechanical

and electrical

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 Summarize of a dc motor operation

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 Linear dc generator

• While the external force is applied on the

moving direction

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 Summarize of a dc generator
operation

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 Starting problem of dc linear
machine

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 Example 1-10

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 Example 1-10

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 Matlab/Simulink simulation

• Equations:
– F = ilB
– e = vBl
– i = (Vb-e) / R
– dv/dt = (F-Fload)/m
• Simulation parameters:
– Vb=120V, R=0.3W, l = 1m
– B=0.6T, m=0.1kg
– Fload=10(u-1)-20(u-2) nt

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 Matlab/Simulink simulation

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 Real, reactive and apparatus power
in AC circuits

• Power in DC circuit

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 Real, reactive and apparatus power
in AC circuits

• AC source applies power to an impedance Z

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 Instantaneous power

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 Instantaneous power

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 Average power and reactive power

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 Reactive power Q and apparatus
power S

1. Reactive power Q (var) is defined from

instantaneous power

2. Apparatus power S (VA) is defined to

represent the product of voltage and current
magnitudes

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 Complex power representation

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 Complex power representation

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 Power direction

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 Power factor

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 Example 1-11

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 Three phase concepts

• The three phase concepts are also introduced

in Appendix

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