1.

Induction Machines
1.1 Introduction
• Induction machines are rotating electromechanical
energy converting devices.
• Their operating principle is similar to all rotating
electrical machines.
 • Operating principle of all rotating electrical machines
is based on the two electromagnetic laws.

1. Generator action 2. Motor action

e = BLV, volts F = BLI, N

Where, where,
e - induced emf , v I - current , A
B - magnetic field density, wb
L - length of the conductor ,m For rotating object, torque
V - velocity of the conductor, m/s is expressed as:-
B, L,V, are orthogonal to each
other. T = Fxr = BLIr, N-m

where,
r - Radius of the rotating

object.
• An induction machine is an ac machine which can
work as an induction generator and as induction
motor.
• Application of induction machine as a generator is
limited to some special purposes, whereas induction
motors are widely used for various industrial and
domestic applications. They are the Workhorses of
industries.
• Generally induction motors are of two types
1. Poly phase IM. (usually 3-phase)
2. Single phase IM.
Some Advantages and Disadvantages In using IM

Advantages:
• Its losses are reduced.
• It has a very simple and extremely rugged, almost unbreakable
construction (especially squirrel cage type), thus requires minimum of
maintenance.
• It has low cost compared with other motors of the same power out put.
• It has sufficiently high efficiency. Squirrel cage types use no brushes,
hence frictional losses are minimum and reasonably good power
factor.
• It starts up from rest and needs no extra starting motor and has not to
be synchronized. Its starting arrangement is simple especially – for
squirrel- cage type motor.

Disadvantage
• Its speed cannot be varied without sacrificing some of its efficiency.
• Just like a d.c. shunt motor, its speed decreases with increase in load
• Its starting torque is somewhat inferior to that of a d.c shunt motor
2. Construction of poly phase Induction Motor
A typical motor consists of two parts:
1- An outside stationary stator having coils supplied
with AC current to produce a rotating magnetic field,
2- An inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is
given a torque by the rotating field.
- The rotors of induction motors are of two
types:-

- squirrel cage rotor.

- Wound rotor
3-phase squirrel cage IM
 3-phse Wound rotor IM

2. Bearings shield 3. Enclosure; 4.Stator core with windings

5.Rotor core 6.Bearings shield 7.Ball bearings; 8.Shaft ; 9.Terminal
box ; 10. Basement; 11. slip-rings
Induction motor components.
•Stator construction–
• Stator of an IM consists of:-
- stator frame, stator core, 3-phase/single phase
distributed winding, two end covers, bearings,
etc.
• It is a stack of steel laminations (0.35-o.5 mm
thick) with slots similar to a stator of a
synchronous machine. –
• Coils are placed in the slots to form a three or
single phase winding.
• Stator iron core without windings
• Single-phase IM stator with windings.
• INDUCTION MOTORS MAGNETIC
CIRCUIT

Stator iron core

Stator
Slots

Rotor iron core

Rotor
Slot
 Squirrel-Cage Rotor
–Rotor is made from punched laminations ( 0.35-0.5mm thick) of steel
core with slots to provide rotor windings.
–Metal (Aluminum) bars are molded in the slots instead of a winding.
–Two rings short circuits the bars.
–Most of single phase induction motors have Squirrel-Cage rotor.
–One or 2 fans are attached to the shaft in the sides of rotor to cool
the circuit.
Squirrel cage Rotor of a large induction motor.
(Courtesy Siemens).
 Advantages of squirrel cage rotor
• No slip rings, brushes, brush holders, & rotor
terminals; thus less operating troubles.
• Star-Delta starter is sufficient for its starting
• Its construction is robust and cheep
• It has higher efficiency
• Rotor to slots space factor is better, shorter
overhang, thus smaller copper loss
• With bare end rings, it has better ventilation
opportunity.
• With smaller overhang leakage, it has better
power factor, greater pull-out torque and overload
capacity.
 Disadvantages
• It is not possible to insert external resistance
- to increase starting torque and
- to decrease starting current
• They have small starting torque but large starting
current as compared to the wound rotor.
• From the rotor side, speed control is impossible.
 Wound Rotor

It is usually for large 3 phase induction motors.

• Rotor has a winding the same as stator and the end

of each phase is connected to a slip ring.

• Three brushes contact the three slip-rings to three

connected resistances (3-phase Y) for reduction of
starting current and speed control.

• Wound rotor induction motor was the standard form

for variable speed control before the advent of
semiconductor devices.
schematic and real diagram of wound-rotor
• 3-phase wound –rotor induction motor with external
starting rheostat.

3-phase
supply

stator

Slip-rings

rotor

Starting
Rheostat
 Advantages of wound
Disadvantages
rotor
• Has slip rings, brushes,
• The locked-rotor brush holders, & rotor
current can be reduced terminals; thus greater
by inserting external operating troubles and
resistances in series require frequent
with the rotor windings maintenance.
• The speed can be • It has large overhang
varied by varying the leakage, more copper
external resistances. loss, thus, less power
• The wound rotor motor factor and inferior
is ideally suited to efficiency compared to
accelerate high inertia squirrel cage motor.
loads • Compared to squirrel
cage rotors, wound rotor
motors are expensive, so
it is not so common in
industry applications
Basic operating principles
• An AC current is applied in the stator armature
which generates a flux in the stator magnetic
circuit.
• This flux induces an emf in the conducting bars of
rotor as they are “cut” by the flux while the magnet
is being moved (E = BVL (Faraday’s Law))
• A current flows in the rotor circuit due to the
induced emf, which in tern produces a force,
(F = B I L ) can be changed to the torque as the
output.
 Rotating Magnetic Field
• Operation of an IM is based on the development and
existence of rotating magnetic field.

• The 3 windings in the stator of a 3-phase IM are

positioned from each other by 120o electrical.

• When a balanced three-phase voltage is applied to

the stator windings, currents ia, ib and ic, each of
equal magnitude, but differing in phase by 120° flow
in the stator winding.

• Each phase current produces a magnetic flux and

there is physical 120 °shift between each flux.
• The total flux in the machine is the sum of the three
fluxes.

• The summation of the three ac fluxes results in a

rotating resultant flux, which turns with constant
speed and has constant amplitude.

• Such a magnetic flux produced by balanced three

phase currents flowing in thee-phase windings is
called a rotating magnetic flux (RMF).RMF rotates
with a constant speed (Synchronous Speed).

• Existence of a RFM is an essential condition for the

operation of an induction motor.
Graphical analysis of resultant rotating magnetic field
B

120
A 120
120

C
Positive direction of flux
Flux wave form

• Let the maximum value of flux of each phase be m

• The resultant flux r, at any instant, is given by the
vector sum of the individual fluxes A, B and c
• Let us consider values of r at four instants 1/6 time-
period apart, corresponding to points marked 0,1,2 and 3.
i) when  = 0o, i.e. corresponding to point 0,
3 3
 A 0 , B   m , C  m ,
2 2

3 60 0 3 3
 r 2 x  m Cos  3x m  m
2 2 2 2

 B C

Φr 1.5Φm
i) θ 0
ii) When  = 600 , i.e. corresponding to point 1,

3
 A  m A
2

3  B
 B  m
2 Φr 1.5Φm

ii) θ 60
C = 0

3  3 3
 r 2 x  m Cos 30  3 x  m   m
2 2 2
iii) When  = 1200, i.e. corresponding to point 2
3 3
 A  m ,  B 0 ,  c  m
2 2

 C

A
Φr 1.5Φm

iii) θ 120

3  3 3
 r 2 x  m Cos 30  3 x  m   m
2 2 2
iv) When  = 1800, i.e. corresponding to point 3,

3 3
 A 0 , B  m ,  C  m
2 2

Φr 1.5Φm

C B

iv) θ 180

3  3 3
 r 2 x  m Cos 30  3 x m  m
2 2 2
 SUMMARY
• In all four cases, it is found that the
resultant flux is1.5 m ; but has rotated
clockwise through an angle of 600 in each
of the case. A

 B C  B

Φr 1.5Φm

Φr 1.5Φm ii) θ 60

i) θ 0

Φr 1.5Φm

 C
C B
A
Φr 1.5Φm

iii) θ 120
iv) θ 180
• The resultant flux is of constant value ; i.e. 1.5 times the
maximum value of the flux of each phase.
• The resultant flux rotates around the stator at synchronous speed
given by:-

120. f
Ns 
P
Where, f - is supply frequency
P – is number of poles
 Rotating magnetic field and
Operating Principles of Induction Motors

1. If stator is energized by an ac current, RMF is generated due to the

applied current to the stator winding.
2. This flux produces magnetic field and the field revolves in the air gap
between stator and rotor.
3. So, the magnetic field induces a voltage in the short-circuited bars of
the rotor. This voltage drives current through the bars.
4. The interaction of the rotating flux of the stator and the flux in the rotor
developed by the rotor current generates a force that drives the motor
and a torque is developed consequently.
5. The torque is proportional with the flux density and the rotor bar
current (F = BLI, N ).
6. The direction of the rotation of the rotor is the same as the direction of
the rotation of the revolving magnetic field in the air gap
7. The rotor speed is less than the synchronous speed of the rotating
magnetic field. WHY?
• An induction motor running at no load will have a speed very
close to synchronous speed and therefore e.m.f. in the rotor
winding will be very small .
• This small e.m.f. gives a small current producing a torque just
sufficient to overcome the losses such as due to friction and
windage and maintain the rotor in rotation.
• As the mechanical load is applied on the motor shaft, it must
slow down because the torque developed at no load will not be
sufficient to keep the rotor revolving at the no load speed
against the additional opposing torque of load.
• As the motor slows down, the relative motion between the
magnetic field and the rotor is increased
• This results in greater rotor e.m.f., rotor current and greater
developed torque. Thus, as the load is increased, the motor
slows down until the relative motion between the rotor and the
rotating magnetic field is just sufficient to result in the
development of the torque necessary for that particular load.
 Slip
• In practice the rotor never succeeds in catching up with the
stator field. If it really did so, then there would be no relative
speed between the two hence no rotor e.m.f. no rotor current
and so no torque to maintain rotation. It is due to this relative
motion that torque is developed.
• The difference between the synchronous speed Ns and the
actual speed N of the rotor is known as slip speed.
ns = N s - N

and, the relative speed expressed in % is called slip.

N  N
S%  s X 100
Ns

Where, Ns – synchronous speed of RMF

N – speed of the rotor
S% - slip
• N0tice that, if the rotor turns at synchronous speed, S =
0; while if the rotor is stationary, S = 1.
• All normal motor speeds fall some what between these
two limits.
• Thus, S = (1-nrot/nsync)100%
nrot = (1-S) nsync
and, ωrot = (1-S) ωsync