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2 views

3.2-MODULE

Uploaded by

cristinadelacruz711
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Major Features

and Chemical Events


of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron
Transport Chain
• What are the
major features
and sequence
the chemical
events of
cellular
respiration?
•Learning Objectives:

1. Describe the main stages of


cellular respiration.

2. Identify the inputs and outputs


of each stage, including ATP,
NADH, FADH₂, CO₂, and H₂O.

3. Outline the sequence of


chemical reactions involved in
glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and
the electron transport chain.

4. Explain the significance of


cellular respiration for energy
production in cells.
Overview of Cellular
Respiration
• Cellular respiration is
the process by which
cells convert glucose
into energy (ATP). It
consists of three main
stages: glycolysis,
the citric acid cycle,
and the electron
transport chain.
Overview of Cellular
Respiration
 Purpose: To produce ATP, the cell’s
primary energy carrier, by breaking
down glucose in the presence of
oxygen (aerobic respiration).
 Location:
o Glycolysis: Occurs in the
cytoplasm.
o Krebs Cycle and Electron
Transport Chain: Occur in the
mitochondria.
Glucose, a six-carbon molecule,
1. is phosphorylated and
Energy rearranged into two three-carbon
Investme
nt molecules.
STEPS IN Phase: ATP Usage: 2 ATP molecules are
used to initiate this breakdown.
GLYCOLYSI
S:
Each three-carbon molecule
2. (glyceraldehyde-3-
Energy
Payoff phosphate) is converted into
Phase: pyruvate, generating 4 ATP
molecules and 2 NADH.
STEPS IN
GLYCOLYSIS:
• Products:
• 2 ATP (net gain), 2 NADH,
and 2 pyruvate molecules
per glucose molecule.
• Significance:
• Glycolysis is anaerobic
(does not require oxygen)
and provides energy
quickly, important for cells
in low-oxygen
environments.
• Pyruvate is transported into
the mitochondria.

Transition • Each pyruvate is converted


into Acetyl-CoA, releasing
Reaction CO2 and producing NADH.

• This step is crucial for


entering the citric acid cycle.
• Location: Mitochondrial
matrix

Stage 2:
Citric Acid • Acetyl-CoA is fully
oxidized, producing CO2,
Cycle (Krebs NADH, FADH2, and 2 ATP.
Cycle)
• NADH and FADH2 store
high-energy electrons for the
electron transport chain.
Pyruvate Oxidation:
• Pyruvate is transported into the
mitochondrial matrix and converted into
acetyl-CoA, releasing CO₂ and
producing one NADH per pyruvate.

Krebs Cycle:
STEPS: • Acetyl-CoA combines with a four-
carbon molecule (oxaloacetate) to form
citrate.
• Citrate undergoes a series of
transformations, releasing two
molecules of CO₂ and generating 3
NADH, 1 FADH₂, and 1 ATP per acetyl-
CoA.
• The cycle regenerates oxaloacetate,
Products per Glucose
(since each glucose Significance:
produces 2 acetyl-CoA):
• 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 ATP, • The Krebs cycle is
and 4 CO₂. essential for producing
electron carriers (NADH
and FADH₂) needed for
the electron transport
chain.
• NADH and
Stage 3: • Location: Inner FADH2 donate
Electron mitochondrial
membrane
electrons to the
ETC, powering
Transport proton pumps.

Chain (ETC)
and • A proton
• Oxygen acts as
gradient drives
Chemiosmosi ATP synthase to
the final electron
acceptor,
produce around
s 32-34 ATP.
forming water.
STEPS:
Final Electron
Electron Transfer: Chemiosmosis:
Acceptor:
• NADH and FADH₂ • The proton • Oxygen
donate electrons to gradient
protein complexes in accepts
generates
the ETC.
potential energy.
electrons at
• As electrons move
along the chain, • Protons flow the end of the
energy is released back into the ETC,
and used to pump matrix through combining
protons (H⁺) from
the mitochondrial ATP synthase, with H⁺ to
matrix to the a protein form water
intermembrane complex that (H₂O).
space, creating a synthesizes ATP
proton gradient. from ADP.
Products:

• Approximately 32-34 ATP


molecules per glucose
molecule.
Significance:
ETC
• The ETC generates the
majority of ATP during
cellular respiration,
illustrating the efficiency of
aerobic respiration.
• Glycolysis: 2 ATP

Summary of • Citric Acid Cycle: 2 ATP


ATP
Production • Electron Transport Chain:
32-34 ATP
• Total ATP Yield:
Approximately 36-38 ATP per
glucose molecule.
• Cellular respiration
provides energy (ATP) for
Importan cellular processes.
ce of • It is essential for muscle
Cellular contraction, nerve impulses,
and biosynthesis.
Respirati
on • Converts glucose into a
usable energy form,
sustaining life.
• Glycolysis ? Transition
Reaction ? Citric Acid Cycle ?

Summar Electron Transport Chain

y of • Each stage plays a critical

Cellular role in breaking down


glucose and capturing energy
in ATP.
Respirati
on Steps • Oxygen is essential for the
ETC, making cellular
respiration an aerobic
process.
•THAN
K YOU

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