Cloud Computing Unit-1
Cloud Computing Unit-1
Code : 20CS24
UNIT-I
UNIT I:
Systems Modeling, Clustering and Virtualization: Scalable Computing over the Internet-The Age of
Internet Computing, Scalable computing over the internet, Technologies for Network Based Systems,
System models for Distributed and Cloud Computing, Performance, Security and Energy Efficiency.
Cloud Computing
• The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet. In other words, we can say that
Cloud is something, which is present at remote location. Cloud can provide services
over network, i.e., on public networks or on private networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN.
• R/D efforts on HPC, clusters, Grids, P2P, and virtual machines has laid the
foundation of cloud computing that has been greatly advocated since 2007.
2009 2011
2008
2007
•Cyber-Physical Systems(CPS)
A cyber-physical system (CPS) is the result of interaction between computational processes and the
physical world. A CPS integrates “cyber” (heterogeneous, asynchronous) with “physical” (concurrent and
information-dense) objects. A CPS merges the “3C” technologies of computation, communication, and control
2 TECHNOLOGIES FOR NETWORK-BASED SYSTEMS
Each row represents the issue slots for a single execution cycle:
• A filled box indicates that the processor found an instruction to execute in that issue slot on that cycle;
• An empty box denotes an unused slot.
2.2 GPU Computing to Exascale and Beyond
• 2.2.1 How GPUs Work
• 2.2.2 GPU Programming Model
• 2.2.3 Power Efficiency of the GPU
How GPUs Work
Early GPUs functioned as coprocessors attached to the CPU. Today, the NVIDIA GPU has been upgraded to
128 cores on a single chip. Furthermore, each core on a GPU can handle eight threads of instructions. This
translates to having up to 1,024 threads executed concurrently on a single GPU.
Modern GPUs are not restricted to accelerated graphics or video coding. They are used in HPC systems to
power supercomputers with massive parallelism at multicore and multithreading levels. GPUs are designed
to handle large numbers of floating-point operations in parallel.
GPU Programming Model
The interaction between a CPU and GPU in performing parallel execution of floating-point operations
concurrently. The CPU is the conventional multicore processor with limited parallelism to exploit.
• Virtual Machines
• VM Primitive Operations
• Virtual Infrastructures
Initial Hardware Model
All applications access hardware resources (i.e. memory, i/o)
through system calls to operating system (privileged instructions)
Advantages
Design is decoupled (i.e. OS people can develop OS separate
of Hardware people developing hardware)
Hardware and software can be upgraded without notifying
the Application programs
Disadvantage
Application compiled on one ISA will not run on another ISA..
Applications compiled for Mac use different operating
system calls then application designed for windows.
ISA’s must support old software
Can often be inhibiting in terms of performance
Since software is developed separately from hardware…
Software is not necessarily optimized for hardware.
Virtual Machines
A conventional computer has a single OS image. This offers a rigid architecture that
tightly couples application software to a specific hardware platform. Some software
running well on one machine may not be executable on another platform with a
different instruction set under a fixed OS.
•Cluster Architecture
•Single-System Image
•Hardware, Software, and Middleware Support
•Major Cluster Design Issues
A Typical Cluster Architecture
Computational Grids
Grid Families
Computational or Data Grid
Peer-to-Peer Network Families
•P2P Systems
•Overlay Networks
•P2P Application Families
•P2P Computing Challenges
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network
A distributed system architecture
Each computer in the network can act as a client or server for other network
computers.
No centralized control
Typically many nodes, but unreliable and heterogeneous
Nodes are symmetric in function
Take advantage of distributed, shared resources (bandwidth, CPU, storage) on
peer-nodes
Fault-tolerant, self-organizing
Operate in dynamic environment, frequent join and leave is the norm
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network
• For example, distributed systems such as cloud computing, peer-to-peer networks, and client-server
applications are overlay networks because their nodes run on top of the Internet.
There are two types of overlay networks:
unstructured and structured.
Structured overlay networks follow certain connectivity topology and rules for inserting and
removing nodes (peer IDs) from the overlay graph. Routing mechanisms are developed to take
advantage of the structured overlays.
P2P Application Families
Cloud Computing over the Internet
Internet Clouds
Separates user data, application, OS, and space – good for cloud computing.
Parallel and Distributed Programming Models
Message-Passing Interface (MPI)
MapReduce
Hadoop Library
Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA)
Globus Toolkits and Extensions
Parallel and Distributed Programming
Grid Standards and Middleware :
PERFORMANCE, SECURITY, AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• Amdahl’s Law states that the speedup factor of using the n-processor system over the use of a
single processor is expressed by:
HA (high availability) is desired in all clusters, grids, P2P networks, and cloud
systems. A system is highly available if it has a long mean time to failure (MTTF)
and a short mean time to repair (MTTR). System availability is formally defined
as follows:
System Availability =MTTF/(MTTF +MTTR)
System Availability vs. Configuration Size :
Network Threats and Data Integrity
Operational Layers of Distributed Computing System
Four Reference Books:
1. K. Hwang, G. Fox, and J. Dongarra, Distributed and Cloud Computing: from
Parallel Processing to the Internet of Things Morgan Kauffmann Publishers,
2011