Unit-1_1.

6
INTERCONNECTION STRUCTURE

1
Outline

• Computer Organization and Architecture

• Structure and Function
• Evolution (a brief history) of computers
• Von Neumann Architecture
• Interpretation of Instructions
• Interconnection Structures
• Instruction Cycle & Instruction Pipeline
• RAM Model Evolution of Intel processor architecture- 4 bit to 64 bit

2
Interconnection Structures

• A computer consists of a set of components (CPU,memory,I/O) that communicate

with each other.
• The collection of paths connecting the various modules is call the interconnection
structure.
• The design of this structure will depend on the exchange that must be made
between modules.
Computer
Modules
Type of transfers

• Memory to CPU
• CPU to Memory
• I/O to CPU
• CPU to I/O
• I/O to or from Memory (DMA)
Bus Interconnection

• A bus is a communication pathway connecting two or more device.

• A key characteristic of a bus is that it is a shared transmission medium.
• A bus consists of multiple pathways or lines.
• Each line is capable of transmitting signal representing binary digit (1 or 0)
Bus Interconnection

• A sequence of bits can be transmit across a single line.

• Several lines can be used to transmit bits simultaneously (in parallel).
• A bus that connects major components (CPU,Memory,I/O) is called System
Bus.
• The most common computer interconnection structures are based on the use
of one or more system buses.
Bus Structure

• A system bus consists of 50-100 lines.

• Each line is assigned a particular meaning or function.
• On any bus the lines can be classified into 3 groups
– Data lines
– Address lines
– Control lines
Data Lines

• Provide a path for moving data between system modules.

• These lines, collectively, are called the data bus
• The data bus typically consists of 8,16 or 32 separate lines, the numbers of lines being
transferred to as the width of the data bus.
• Each line carry only 1 bit at a time, the number of lines determines how many bits can
transferred at a time - overall system performance.
The Address Lines

• Used to designate the source or destination of the data on the data bus
• The width of the address bus determines the maximum possible memory capacity
of the system.
The Control Lines

• Used to control the access to and the use of the data and address lines.
• Typical control lines include

– Bus request
– Memory write
– Bus grant
– Memory read
– Interrupt request
– I/O write
– Interrupt ACK
– I/O read
– Transfer ACK
– Clock
– Reset
The operation of the bus

If one module wishes to send data

• obtain the use of the bus
• transfer data via the bus
If one module wishes to request data
• obtain the use of the bus
• transfer request to the other module over the control and address lines, then wait for that
second module to send the data.
Physical Bus Architecture

• System bus is a number of parallel electrical conductors.

• The conductors are metal lines etched in a card or printed circuit board.
• The bus extends across all of the components tat taps into the bus lines.
What do buses look like?
Multiple-Bus Hierarchies

• More devices attached to bus, propagation delays affect performance

– How to arbitration?

• Bottleneck as the aggregate data transfer demand approaches capacity

of bus.
(e.g graphics & video controller)
– How to increase bus?
Traditional Bus Architecture

• Local bus
– CPU - Cache
• System bus
– Main memory - Cache
• Expansion bus
– I/O Modules - Main memory
Traditional Bus Architecture
High-Performance Architecture

• Local bus
– CPU - Cache/bridge
• System bus
– Cache/bridge - memory
• High-speed bus
– High-speed I/O module - Cache/bridge
• Expansion bus
– Low-speed I/O modules - Expansion interface
Bus Design

• Type • Method of Arbitration

– Dedicated – Centralized
– Multiplexed – Distributed
• Bus Width • Data Transfer Type
– Address – Read
– Data – Write
• Timing – Read-modify-write
– Read-after-write
– Synchronous
– Block
– Asynchronous
Type

• Dedicated permanent assigned bus either to one function or to a physical

subset of computer components
• Multiplexed use in the same bus for multiple purpose (Time Multiplexing)
Bus Width

• Address
The wider of address bus has an impact on range of locations that can be
referenced

• Data
The wider of data bus has an impact on the number of bits transferred at one time
 Timing

• Synchronous • Asynchronous
– occurrence of one event follows and depends
– occurrence of events on the bus is on the previous event.
determined by a clock (Clock Cycle or
Bus Cycle) which includes line upon
 Method of Arbitration

• Centralized bus controller (Arbiter), • Distributed

hardware device,is responsible for allocating access control logic in each module act
time on the bus (daisy chain) together to share bus
Data Transfer Type

• Read Multiplexed bus

is used to specifying address and then for transferring data after a wait while data
is being fetched

• Read Dedicated
address is put on bus and remain there while data are put on the data bus
Data Transfer Type

• Write Multiplexed bus

is used to specifying address and then transferring data (same as read
operation)
• Write Dedicated
data put on data bus as soon as the address has stabilized
Data Transfer Type

• Read-modify-write address is broadcast once at beginning a simply

read is followed immediately by a write to the same address

• Read-after-write a write followed immediately by a read from the

same address,performed for checking purposes
 Data Transfer Type

• Block

one address cycle is followed by n data cycles. The first data

item is transferred to or from the specified address; remainder
data items are transferred to or from subsequent addresses
Data Transfer Type
Samples of Bus

• ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)

• MCA (Micro Channel Architecture)
• EISA (Extended ISA)
• VL Bus (VESA Local Bus)
• PCI Bus (Peripheral Connection Interface)
 Industry Standard Architecture

• ISA is a standard bus (computer interconnection) architecture that is associated

with the IBM AT motherboard.
• It allows 16 bits at a time to flow between the motherboard circuitry and an
expansion slot card and its associated device(s).
Micro Channel Architecture

• Developed by IBM for its line of PS/2 desktop computers, MCA is an interface
between a computer (or multiple computers) and its expansion cards and their
associated devices.
• MCA was a distinct break from previous bus architectures such as ISA.
• The pin connections in MCA are smaller than other bus interfaces. For this and other
reasons, MCA does not support other bus architectures.
 Micro Channel Architecture (cont.)

• Although MCA offers a number of improvements over other bus architectures, its
proprietary, nonstandard aspects did not encourage other manufacturers to adopt it.
• It has influenced other bus designs and it is still in use in PS/2s and in some
minicomputer systems.
Extended Industry Standard Architecture

• EISA is a standard bus architecture that extends the ISA standard to a 32-bit
interface. It was developed in part as an open alternative to the proprietary Micro
Channel Architecture (MCA) that IBM introduced in its PS/2 computers.
• EISA data transfer can reach a peak of 33 megabytes per second
VESA Local Bus

• VESA VL bus is a standard interface between your computer and its expansion
slot that provides faster data flow between the devices controlled by the expansion
cards and your computer's microprocessor.
• A "local bus" is a physical path on which data flows at almost the speed of the
microprocessor, increasing total system performance.
 VESA Local Bus (cont.)

• VESA Local Bus is particularly effective in systems with advanced video cards
and supports 32-bit data flow at 50 MHz
• A VESA Local Bus is implemented by adding a supplemental slot and card that
aligns with and augments an ISA expansion card. (ISA is the most common
expansion slot in today's computers.)
Peripheral Component Interconnect

• PCI is an interconnection system between a microprocessor and attached devices in

which expansion slot are spaced closely for high speed operation.
• Using PCI, a computer can support both new PCI cards while continuing to support
ISA expansion cards, currently the most common kind of expansion card.
Peripheral Component Interconnect (cont.)

• Designed by Intel, the original PCI was similar to the VESA Local Bus.
• PCI2.0 is no longer a local bus and is designed to be independent of microprocessor
design.
• PCI is designed to be synchronized with the clock speed of the microprocessor, in the
range of 33 to 66 MHz.
• Standard : Up to 64 data-lines at 66 MHz. Raw transfer rate of 528 MBps or 4.224
Gbps.
Peripheral Component Interconnect (cont.)

• PCI is now installed on most new desktop computers, not only those based on Intel's
Pentium processor but also those based on the PowerPC.

• PCI transmits 32 bits at a time in a 124-pin connection (the extra pins are for power supply
and grounding) and 64 bits in a 188-pin connection in an expanded implementation.
Peripheral Component Interconnect (cont.)

• PCI uses all active paths to transmit both address and data signals, sending the
address on one clock cycle and data on the next.
• PCI deliver better system performance for high-speed I/O subsystems
e.g. graphic display adapters, network interface controllers, disk controllers
 PCI

A Single-processor System

A Multiprocessor System
Interface

Port No port
• Serial • Infrared
• Parallel • Bluetooth
• PS/2
• PCMCIA
• USB
(Universal Serial Bus)
Universal Serial Bus

• Standard bus which is invented by a group of companies : Compaq, DEC,

IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, Northern Telecom, etc.
• Not change switch, jumper on board or other devices
• Can use the same cable
• Device that use USB can use power supply from PC.
• Up to 127 devices connected off single port
• Support real-time system
• Hot Plug-in
• Low cost
Multi-System Buses
THANK YOU
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Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune