SUGGESTED READING

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CHAPTER 1
TOPICS:
Digital Vs Analog
Binary Digits & Logic Levels
Digital Waveforms
Ideal Vs Non Ideal Pulse

Lecture # 1-3 Concepts

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Digital Vs Analog Quantities

 All the processes and phenomenon in real world are continuous .

 What is Meant by continuous BTW?
 Processes which changes from one condition(state) to the another one in a
steady and continuous manner.
 Examples:
 Rise in temperature of a room
 Increasing day light at the dawn
 Change in speed of a car
 No one can say it was 0oC just a second or moment before and now it
is about 10oC or something else.
 it will change by passing through all the rational and irrational numbers
between two points. (Almost Zero Step size)
 Analog quantities are Continues in nature

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Temperature (Analog Example)
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Contd..

 A digital quantity is one having a discrete & Finite set of Time

Sample Temperatur
values. value
Number e Value (oC)
 (minutes)
Digital quantities are discrete or discontinuous in
nature. 1 0 0
 Representation of Analog Quantities in a discrete manner 2 2 2
 Lets take a change in temperature as an example:
3 4 3.5
 Digital system will take information (value of temperature) at
certain defined time and display it in the form of digits and 4 6 6.5
symbols
5 8 9
 Suppose you just take a temperature reading every hour.
(Sampling) 6 10 10
 Although the temperature is analog quantity, it is represented
in a discrete manner here.
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Temperature (Digital Representation)

Vertical Lines Connecting dots are just for illustration purpose Sample value represented by Dots
Other Examples
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The Digital Advantage

 Digital representation has certain advantages over analog representation in

electronics applications.
 Digital data can be processed and transmitted more efficiently and reliably
than analog data.
 Digital data has a great advantage when storage is necessary. For example,
music when converted to digital form can be stored more compactly and
reproduced with greater accuracy and clarity than is possible when it is in
analog form.
 Noise (unwanted voltage fluctuations) does not affect digital data nearly as
much as it does analog signals.
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Analog and Digital Systems

 Analog systems can generally handle Analog Quantities while Digital

systems works with digital quantities.
 Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics to take advantage
of each technology.
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Another Example
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Why Digital Systems?

 Despite of the fact that real world is mainly analog, nearly all the systems in modern
world are digital in nature…why?
 Digital representation has certain advantages over analog representation in
electronics applications.
1. Digital Systems are Easier to design
2. More Reliable than analog systems due to better immunity to noise(unwanted voltage
fluctuations).

3. Digital Systems are Flexible because they are Programable.

4. Speedy and Economical
5. Information Storage is Easy (More Capacity)
Many More…
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Reliability -
Example
Digital Vs Analog Tv
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Digital Representation & Binary
Digits
 Digital systems such as Computers involves only two possible states to represents data.
 These states are represented by two different voltage levels (High & Low)
 In two-state system, also binary system, two digits are 0 and 1.
 A binary digit is called a bit (either 0 or 1)
 Two different voltage levels are used to represent the Two bits.
 1 is represented by High Level (Higher Voltage)
 Positive Logic
0 is represented by Low Level (Lower Voltage)
OR
 1 is represented by Low Level (Lower Voltage)
Negative Logic
 0 is represented by High Level (Higher Voltage)
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Logic Levels

 The voltages used to represent a 1 and a 0 are called

logic levels.
 Ideally, one voltage level represents a HIGH and another
voltage level represents a LOW.
 In a practical digital circuit, however, a HIGH can be any
voltage between a specified minimum value and a
specified maximum value. Likewise, a LOW can be any
voltage between a specified minimum and a specified
maximum.
 Range of Voltages are used
 There can be no overlap between the accepted range of
HIGH levels and the accepted range of LOW levels.
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Example

 HIGH input values for a certain type of digital circuit technology called
CMOS may range from 2 V to 3.3 V and the LOW input values may
range from 0 V to 0.8 V.

 If a voltage of 2.5 V is applied, the circuit will accept it as _________.

 If a voltage of 0.5 V is applied, the circuit will accept it as__________.
 Voltages between 0.8 V and 2 V are _____________________________.
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Digital Waveforms

 Digital waveforms consist of voltage levels that are changing back and forth between
the HIGH and LOW levels or states. A digital waveform is made up of a series of
pulses.
 Pulse is generated when the voltage (or current) goes from one level to other level &
then back to its previous level.
 Figure shows two pulses
 Positive pulse (Voltage Level Goes from Low to High Level)
 Negative Pulse (Voltage Level Goes from High to Low Level)
 Pulse has Two Edges
 Leading (Occurs at Time T0)
 Trailing (Occurs at Time T1)
 Note the Difference B/w Rising & Falling Edge in both +Ve & -Ve Pulse
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Ideal Vs Non Ideal Pulse

 These Pulses are Ideal

 Because Rising and Falling of pulse happen Instaneously (Zero Time)
 In practice, These Transition are not Instaneously rather take some time
 Figure shows a nonideal pulse. In reality, all pulses exhibit some or all of these characteristics.

• Rise Time: Time required for a pulse to go from

Low level to High level (10% to 90% of Max.
Amplitude)

• Fall time: Time required for a pulse to go from High

level to Low level (90% to 10% of Max. Amplitude)

• Overshoot, ringing & Drop: variation from desired

level, are produced by stray inductive,
capacitance & Circuit resistance
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 Answers the following

 An analog quantity is one having continuous values? T/F

 A digital quantity has no discrete values? T/F
 In positive logic, a LOW level represents a binary 1? T/F
 The time interval between the 50% points on the rising and falling edges is ________
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Review Questions

1. Define analog.
2. Define digital.
3. Explain the difference between a digital quantity and an analog quantity.
4. Give an example of a system that is analog and one that is a combination of both
digital and analog. Name a system that is entirely digital.
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0

Good To
know !

Next Lecture : Number

Systems