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Accord University

Computer Networks & Security


Lecture: 1

Physical Layer in the OSI


Model
Dr. Mohammad Mahmoud Abu Omar
1
OSI Model

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Datalink

Physical
2
Physical Layer

The main function of physical layer in OSI


Model is the transmitting the BITS through
copmuter network layers.

3
Other functions of Physical Layer

- Analog and Digital Data Transmission.


- Analog / Digital Transmission.
- Bandwidth and Data Rate.
- Transmission Media.
- Data Encoding.

4
Data Encoding In Physical Layer

The signals in the cables may use on of the


following Encoding Methods:

• Manchester Encoding
• Differential Manchester Encoding

5
Manchester Encoding

0 0 = Low Level

1 1 = High Level

6
Example

7
Differential Manchester

No change in the Voltage


(1) Signal at the beginning of
period / Signal.

There is a change in the


(0) Voltage Signal at the
beginning of period / Signal.

8
Example
Draw the Differential Manchester
Encoding Signal For the following Bit
Stream: ALL
Layer

9
Example 3

Draw the Manchester and the Differential Manchester


Encoding Signal For the following Bit Stream:

Manchester

Differential
Manchester

10
The Maximum Data Rate

Noisy
Noiseless
Channal

ShannonThm. Nyquist Thm.

11
Nyquist Thm

2 * H * log2 V
Two Level
Multilevel Signals
Signals
(V (

Data Rate Date Rate


2 * H * log2 V 2*H
12
H: Bandwidth
13
Theorem Shannon( Noisy Channel)

N ...........Noise
S ...........Signal
S/N ).............Signal –to -noise ratio (

The ratio will measure by db

1 dB = 10* log10 S/N


14
Shannon Theorem( Noisy Channel)

The Data Rate

=
H*log2 ( 1 + S/N)

15
Example

What is the data rate


in 3-KHZ noiseless channel ?
Sol:
The noiseless channel means : Nyquist
Theorem

2 * H = 2* 3000 = 6000 b/s


16
Transmission Media

17
Guided Transmission Data

• Magnetic Media
• Twisted Pair
• Coaxial Cable
• Fiber Optics

18
Twisted Pair
• Properties
– A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper
wires.
– Why twisted?
– Used in telephone and local area networking
– Run several kilometres
– The bandwidth depends on the thickness of the
wire and distance traveled.

19
Common types:

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

Category 3: bandwidth of 16 MHz


Category 5: more twists per centimeter,
which results in less crosstalk and better-
quality signal over longer distance,
bandwidth of 100 MHz
Category 6 and 7: 250 MHz and 600 MHz

20
Twisted Pair

(a) Category 3 UTP.


(b) Category 5 UTP.
21
• Although it is immune to most background radiation, twisted pair wiring
does not solve all problems
• Twisted pair tends to have problems with:
– strong electrical noise close physical proximity to the source of noise
– high frequencies used for communication
• If the intensity is high or cables run close to the source of electrical noise,
even twisted pair may not be sufficient
– if a twisted pair runs above the ceiling in an office building on top of a
florescent light fixture, interference may result
– (e.g., in a factory that uses electric arc welding equipment)
• Sometimes, it is difficult to build equipment that can distinguish between
valid signals and noise
– means that even a small amount of noise can cause interference when
high frequencies are used

22
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

The cable has a thinner, more flexible metal


shield surrounding one or more twisted pairs
of wires.

In most versions of STP cable, the shield


consists of metal foil, similar to the aluminum
foil used in a kitchen

23
What are some advantages and disadvantages
of using shielded twisted pair cable?

• Shielded twisted pair cable has all of the


advantages and disadvantages of
unshielded twisted pair cable.
• In addition, STP affords greater
protection from all types of external
interference than unshielded twisted
pair cable.
• Moreover, generally speaking, shielded
twisted pair cable is more expensive
than unshielded twisted pair cable. 24

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