1

Chapter 1 – Introduction to Computers

and C++ Programming
Outline
1.6 Machine Languages,
Assembly Languages,
and High-Level Languages

1.14 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

1.19 General Notes About C++ and This Book

1.20 Introduction to C++ Programming
1.21 A Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text
1.22 Another Simple Program: Adding Two
Integers
1.23 Memory Concepts
1.24 Arithmetic
1.25 Decision Making: Equality and Relational
Operators
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 1.6 Machine Languages, 2

Assembly Languages,
and High-level Languages
• Machine language For a real
– Only language computer directly understands example:
– Defined by hardware design run “od” on
• Machine-dependent an a.out
– Generally consist of strings of numbers file.
• Ultimately 0s and 1s
– Instruct computers to perform elementary operations
• One at a time
– Cumbersome for humans
– Example:
+1300042774 0100 1101 0111 1101 0001 0100 0001 0110
+1400593419 0101 0011 0111 1011 0101 1100 0000 1011
+1200274027 0100 0111 1000 1010 1011 1010 0110 1011

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 1.6 Machine Languages, 3

Assembly Languages,
and High-level Languages

2. Assembly language
– English-like abbreviations representing
elementary computer operations
– Clearer to humans
– Incomprehensible to computers
• Translator programs (assemblers)
– Convert to machine language
– Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY
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 1.6 Machine Languages, 4

Assembly Languages, and

High-level Languages
3. High-level languages
3. e.g. C, C++, BASIC, FORTRAN, Java, Pascal, Ada, Perl
– Use common mathematical notations
– Single statements accomplish substantial tasks
• Assembly language requires many instructions to accomplish
simple tasks
– Translator programs (compilers)
• compiler converts HLL into machine language in one go
– Interpreter programs
• Converts line- by -line
• Directly execute high-level language programs
– Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay

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 Copyright © 2003
Translators-Assemblers,Compilers, Pearson Education, Inc.

Interpreters
– Source code
• the original program in a high level language
– Object code
• the translated version in machine language

Assembler -Translate assembly language to

machine language
Compiler-Translate high-level language to
machine language. One page/program in one go
Interpreter-Translate high-level language to
machine language line –by-line

Slide 5
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 Copyright © 2003
Pearson Education, Inc.
Linkers

• Some programs we use are already compiled

– Their object code is available for us to use
– For example: Input and output routines

• A Linker combines
– The object code for the programs we write
and
– The object code for the pre-compiled routines
into
The machine language program the CPU can run
C=a-b
cout

Slide 6
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 Copyright © 2003
Pearson Education, Inc.
History Note

• First programmable computer

– Designed by Charles Babbage
– Began work in 1822
– Not completed in Babbage’s life time

• First programmer
– Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace
• Colleague of Babbage

Slide 7
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 Copyright © 2003

Programming 1.2 Inc.

Pearson Education,

•
and
Algorithm
Problem Solving
– A sequence of precise instructions which
leads to a solution

• Program
– An algorithm expressed in a language the computer
can understand

Display 1.6

Slide 8
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 Copyright © 2003
Pearson Education, Inc.
Program Design

• Programming is a creative process

– No complete set of rules for creating a program

• Program Design Process

– Problem Solving Phase
• Result is an algorithm that solves the problem
– Implementation Phase
• Result is the algorithm translated into a programming
language

Slide 9
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Problem Solving Phase

• Be certain the task is completely specified

– What is the input?
– What information is in the output?
– How is the output organized?

• Develop the algorithm before implementation

– Experience shows this saves time in getting your
program to run.
– Test the algorithm for correctness

Slide 10
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 11
1.14 Basics of a Typical C++
Environment
– C++ Language definition
– Program-development environment (tools)
• compiler, linker, editor, debugger
– C++ Standard Library (software)
• precompiled routines you can use
– Syntax-grammar/rules -is a girl good sita
– Semantics –meaning –Sita is a good girl.
– Sqrt(190)-math.h, cos(), pow(7,4)
– Iostream.h-cout, cin. Get(), Put()

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 1.14 Basics of a Typical C++ 12

EnvironmentProgram created in the editor

Edit Editor foo.cpp and stored on disk.
(vi,
emacs) Preprocessor strips out comments,
Preprocessor expands macros
Compile (and Link)
(CC , g++)

Compiler
foo.o Compiler creates object code and
stores it on disk (.o file)
C++ Library Linker foo Linker links the object code with the
(a.out) libraries, stores in a.out on disk.
Loader
Loader puts program
Run in memory (RAM)
..
(load and execute) ..
..

./foo, ./a.out

CPU CPU takes each instruction and

executes it, possibly storing
new data values in memory
(RAM) as the program executes.
..
..
..

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 1.14 Basics of a Typical C++ 13

Environment
• Input/output streams in C++
– cin (pronounce “see in”)
• Standard input stream
• Normally keyboard
– cout(pronounce “see out”)
• Standard output stream
• Normally computer screen
– cerr (pronounce “see air”)
• Standard error stream
• Display error messages (normally, screen)
• May be different from cout
if cout is being directed to a file, for example with
a.out > foo.dat, or if program is logging errors to a file.

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 14
1.19 General Notes About C++

– C and C++ are portable languages

• Portability
– C and C++ programs can run on many different
computers
• Compatibility
– Many features of current versions of C++ not
compatible with older implementations

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 15
1.20 Introduction to C++
Programming
• Structured programming
• Object-oriented programming
• C++ language examples
– Next few slides contain several examples
– Illustrate many important features of C++
– Each analyzed one statement at a time

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 16
1.21 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text
• Comments
– Document programs
– Improve program readability
– Ignored by compiler
– Single-line comment
• Begin with //
• Preprocessor directives
– Processed by preprocessor before compiling
– Begin with #

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 17
1 // Fig. 1.2: fig01_02.cpp
2 // A first program in C++.
Single-line comments. Outline
3 Function main
#include <iostream> returns an
4 integer
Left brace { begins Preprocessor
value. function directive to
fig01_02.cpp
5 // function main body. program
begins Function include input/output Statements
main appears
execution stream end with a(1 of 1)
6 int main() header
exactly once file <iostream>.
in every C++ semicolon ;.
7 { program..
8 std::cout << "Welcome to C++!\n"; fig01_02.cpp
9 Corresponding right brace } output (1 of 1)
10 return 0; //ends function
indicate body.
that program ended successfully
11 Name coutStream insertion
belongs to operator.
12 } // end function main namespace std.

Keyword return is one of

Welcome to C++!
several means to exit
function; value 0 indicates
program terminated
successfully.

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 18
1.21 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text
• Standard output stream object
– std::cout
– “Connected” to screen
– <<
• Stream insertion operator
• Value to right (right operand) inserted into output stream
• Namespace
– std:: specifies using name that belongs to “namespace”
std
– std:: removed through use of using statements
• Escape characters
– \
– Indicates “special” character output

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 19
1.21 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text

Escape Sequence Description

\n Newline. Position the screen cursor to the

beginning of the next line.
\t Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next
tab stop.
\r Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the
beginning of the current line; do not advance to the
next line.
\a Alert. Sound the system bell.
\\ Backslash. Used to print a backslash character.
\" Double quote. Used to print a double quote
character.

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 20
1 // Fig. 1.4: fig01_04.cpp
2 // Printing a line with multiple statements.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig01_04.cpp
5 // function main begins program execution Multiple stream insertion (1 of 1)
6 int main() statements produce one line of
7 { output.
8 std::cout << "Welcome "; fig01_04.cpp
9 std::cout << "to C++!\n"; output (1 of 1)
10
11 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
12
13 } // end function main

Welcome to C++!

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 21
1 // Fig. 1.5: fig01_05.cpp
2 // Printing multiple lines with a single statement
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig01_05.cpp
5 // function main begins program executionUsing newline characters to
print on multiple lines. (1 of 1)
6 int main()
7 {
8 std::cout << "Welcome\nto\n\nC++!\n"; fig01_05.cpp
9 output (1 of 1)
10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
11
12 } // end function main

Welcome
to

C++!

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All rights reserved.
 22
1.22 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Variables
– Location in memory where value can be stored
– Common data types
• int - integer numbers
• char - characters
• double - floating point numbers
– Declare variables with name and data type before use
int integer1;
int integer2;
int sum;
– Can declare several variables of same type in one declaration
• Comma-separated list
int integer1, integer2, sum;

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 23
1.22 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Variables
– Variable names
• Valid identifier
– Series of characters (letters, digits, underscores)
– Cannot begin with digit
– Case sensitive

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 24
1.22 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Input stream object
– >> (stream extraction operator)
• Used with std::cin
• Waits for user to input value, then press Enter (Return) key
• Stores value in variable to right of operator
– Converts value to variable data type
• = (assignment operator)
– Assigns value to variable
– Binary operator (two operands)
– Example:
sum = variable1 + variable2;

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 25
1 // Fig. 1.6: fig01_06.cpp
2 // Addition program.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
fig01_06.cpp
5 // function main begins program execution
(1 of 1)
6 int main()
7 { Declare integer variables.
8 int integer1; // first number to be input by user
9 int integer2; // second number to be input by user
10 int sum;
Use stream extraction
// variable in which sum will be stored
11 operator with standard input
12 std::cout << "Enter first stream to obtain
integer\n"; // user input.
prompt
13 std::cin >> integer1; // read an integer
14
15 std::cout << "Enter second integer\n"; // prompt
16 std::cin >> integer2; Calculations can
// be performed
read in output
an integer statements: alternative for
Stream manipulator
17 lines 18 and 20: std::endl outputs a
18 sum = integer1 + integer2; // assign result to sum
19
newline, then “flushes output
std::cout << "Sum is " << integer1 + integer2 << std::endl;
20 std::cout << "Sum is " << sum << std::endl; // print sumbuffer.”
21
22 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
23
24 } // end function main Concatenating, chaining or
cascading stream insertion
operations.

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 26
Enter first integer
45
Outline
Enter second integer
72
fig01_06.cpp
Sum is 117
output (1 of 1)

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 27

1.23 Memory Concepts

• Variable names
– Correspond to actual locations in computer's memory
– Every variable has name, type, size and value
– When new value placed into variable,
overwrites previous value
– Reading variables from memory is nondestructive

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 1.23 Memory Concepts 28
integer1 12
int integer1, integer2, sum; integer2 0
– declare three variables
sum -3
– starting values are arbitrary

integer1 45
std::cin >> integer1;
– Assume user entered 45 integer2 0
sum -3

integer1 45
std::cin >> integer2;
– Assume user entered 72 integer2 72
sum -3

sum = integer1 + integer2; integer1 45

integer2 72
sum 117
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 29

1.24 Arithmetic

* Multiplication
/ Division
Integer division truncates remainder
7 / 5 evaluates to 1
% Modulus operator returns remainder
7 % 5 evaluates to 2

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 30

1.24 Arithmetic

• Rules of operator precedence

– Operators in parentheses evaluated first
• Nested/embedded parentheses
– Operators in innermost pair first
– Multiplication, division, modulus applied next
• Operators applied from left to right
– Addition, subtraction applied last
Operator(s) • Operators
Operation(s)
applied fromOrder
leftoftoevaluation
right (precedence)
() Parentheses Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the
expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If
there are several pairs of parentheses “on the same level”
(i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right.
*, /, or % Multiplication Division Evaluated second. If there are several, they re
Modulus evaluated left to right.
+ or - Addition Evaluated last. If there are several, they are
Subtraction evaluated left to right.

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 31
1.25 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators
• if structure
– Make decision based on truth or falsity of condition
• If condition met, body executed
• Else, body not executed
• Equality and relational operators
– Equality operators
• Same level of precedence
– Relational operators
• Same level of precedence
– Associate left to right

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 32
1.25 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators
Standard algebraic C++ equality Example Meaning of
equality operator or or relational of C++ C++ condition
relational operator operator condition
Relational operators
> > x > y x is greater than y
< < x < y x is less than y
 >= x >= y x is greater than or equal to y
 <= x <= y x is less than or equal to y

Equality operators
= == x == y x is equal to y
 != x != y x is not equal to y

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 33
1.25 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators
• using statements
– Eliminate use of std:: prefix
– Write cout instead of std::cout

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 34
1 // Fig. 1.14: fig01_14.cpp
2 // Using if statements, relational
Outline
3 // operators, and equality operators.
4 #include <iostream>
fig01_14.cpp
5
(1 of 2)
6 using std::cout; // program uses cout
7 using std::cin; // program uses cin using statements eliminate
8 using std::endl; // program uses endl need for std:: prefix.
9
10 Declare
// function main begins program variables.
execution
11 int main()
12 {
13 Can write
int num1; // first number to be readand
cout cinuser
from
14 without to
int num2; // second number std:: prefix.
be read from user
15
16 cout << "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n"
if structure compares values
17 << "the relationships they satisfy: ";
18 cin >> num1 >> num2;
of num1 and num2
// read two integers
to test for
If condition is true (i.e.,
19 equality. values are equal), execute this
20 if ( num1 == num2 )
if structure compares
statement.values
21 cout << num1 << " is of num1
equal to " and
If condition
num2
<< num2 <<toendl;
is true (i.e.,
test for
22 inequality. values are not equal), execute
23 if ( num1 != num2 ) this statement.
24 cout << num1 << " is not equal to " << num2 << endl;
25

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 35
26 if ( num1 < num2 )
27 cout << num1 << " is less than " << num2 << endl;
Outline
28
29 if ( num1 > num2 )
fig01_14.cpp
30 cout << num1 << " is greater than " << num2 << endl;
Statements may
(2 of 2) be split over
31
32 if ( num1 <= num2 )
several lines.
33 cout << num1 << " is less than or equal to " fig01_14.cpp
34 << num2 << endl; output (1 of 2)
35
36 if ( num1 >= num2 )
37 cout << num1 << " is greater than or equal to "
38 << num2 << endl;
39
40 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
41
42 } // end function main

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 22 12
22 is not equal to 12
22 is greater than 12
22 is greater than or equal to 12

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 36
Enter two integers, and I will tell you
the relationships they satisfy: 7 7
Outline
7 is equal to 7
7 is less than or equal to 7
fig01_14.cpp
7 is greater than or equal to 7
output (2 of 2)

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