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Lecture 02

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8 views31 pages

Lecture 02

Uploaded by

Arooba Asif
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Graphics

Lecture 02
Graphics Systems
Introduction to Graphics Systems

With the massive development in the field of computer


graphics a broad range of graphics hardware and software
systems are available.

With personal computers… usage of variety of interactive


input devices and graphics software packages

Higher-quality applications… usage of special-purpose


graphics hardware systems and technologies
Graphics Systems

 VIDEO DISPLAY DEVICES


 RASTER-SCAN SYSTEMS
 RANDOM-SCAN SYSTEMS
 GRAPHICS MONITORS AND WORKSTATIONS
 INPUT DEVICES
 HARD-COPY DEVICES
 GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
Video Display Devices

 Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes


 Raster-Scan Displays
 Random-Scan Displays
 Color CRT Monitors
 Direct-View Storage Tubes
 Flat-Panel Displays
 Three-Dimensional Viewing Devices
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes

Refresh CRT
 Control Grid
 Focusing System
 Focusing in High Precision System
 Construction of Cathode-Ray
Tubes
 Persistence
 Resolution
 Aspect Ratio
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes Cont..
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes

Refresh CRT
 Control Grid
 Focusing System
 Focusing in High Precision System
 Construction of Cathode-Ray Tubes
 Persistence
 Resolution
 Aspect Ratio
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes
Raster-Scan Displays

 Refresh Buffer or Frame Buffer (jo image screen py display hona hota
h uski information pari hoti is mein)
 Pixel (picture element or pel)
 Bitmap vs. Pixmap
 Horizontal Retrace & Vertical Retrace
 Interlaced vs. Non-interlaced Display
Random-Scan Displays

 Vector Display (graphics sirf lines ki form mein display krty hn..agr tw
choti r bari line ki help se required image construct ho jaye tw well n good..hm
acha output dy skty)
 Refresh Display File
 Random-Scan vs. Raster-Scan
Color CRT Monitors
 Beam Penetration Method
 Shadow Mask Method (hr dot k liy alag beam generate hogi r alag fire hogi)
CRT Displays
Advantages Disadvantages
 Fast response (high  Large and heavy (typ.
resolution possible) 70x70 cm, 15 kg)
 Full colour (large  High power consumption
modulation depth of E- (typ. 140W)
beam)  Harmful DC and AC
 Saturated and natural electric and magnetic
colours fields
 Inexpensive, matured  Flickering at 50-80 Hz (no
technology memory effect)
 Wide angle, high contrast  Geometrical errors at
and brightness edges
Direct View Storage Devices
 Primary Gun (image bnae jis display krna h)
 Flood Gun (refresh/maintane krna h image ko)
Image ki information storage grid k andr store hoti h
 Advantages & Disadvantages
Flat-Panel Displays
 Properties
Volume, Weight, Power

 Emissive Display
Plasma Panels

 Non-Emissive Display
Liquid Crystal Display
Plasma-panel Displays

 Similar in principle to
fluorescent light tubes
 Small gas-filled capsules are
excited by electric field, emits
UV(ultra violate) light
 UV excites phosphor
 Phosphor relaxes, emits some
other color
Plasma-panel Displays

 Two glass plates separated


by neon gas
 Vertical and horizontal
conductors
 Very rugged
 No refreshing
 Screens can be transparent
and overlay documents
 Used to be available in
monochrome (Orange)
 Now available in colour
Plasma-panel Displays

Advantages

–Large viewing angle


–Good for large-format displays
–Fairly bright
Disadvantages

–Expensive
–Large pixels (~1 mm versus ~0.2 mm)
–Phosphors gradually deplete(khali krna)
–Less bright than CRTs, using more power
Liquid Crystal Displays
 Liquid Crystal Display
 A transmissive technology
 Works by letting varying
amounts of a fixed-intensity
white backlight through an
active filter
 Organic crystals that align
themselves together
 When external force is
applied they realign
themselves
 This is used to change
polarisation and filter light
Liquid Crystal Displays
Liquid Crystal Displays
 Transmissive & reflective LCDs:
– LCDs act as light valves, not light emitters, and
thus rely on an external light source.
– Laptop screen: backlit, transmissive display
– Palm Pilot/Game Boy: reflective display
Liquid Crystal Displays

Advantages
 Small footprint (approx 1/6 of CRT)
 Light weight (typ. 1/5 of CRT)
 Low power consumption (typ. 1/4 of CRT)
 Completely flat screen - no geometrical errors
 Crisp pictures - digital and uniform colours
 No electromagnetic emission
 Fully digital signal processing possible
 Large screens (>20 inch) on desktops
Liquid Crystal Displays

Disadvantages
 High price (presently 3x CRT)
 Poor viewing angle (type. +/- 50 degrees)
 Low contrast and luminance (type. 1:100)
 Low luminance (Natural light) (type. 200 cd/m2)
Three-Dimensional Viewing Devices

Vibrating flexible mirror


Stereoscopic and virtual
-reality systems
-shutter glasses (with tracking)
-headset with tracking
-other VR devices
Holograms
NC-mills + soft material
Stereo-lithographic apparatus
(SLA)
Virtual Reality Devices

Virtual reality = stimulation of the human senses to


simulate a fictive environment
eyes: private eye, head mounted displays (hmd)
ears: headphones, loudspeakers in hmd
tactile sense: data glove, data suit, treadmill
Head Mounted Display
•2 small screens display
•images for both eyes:
•high immersion degree
•head movement controls
•virtual camera
•artificial image only
•low resolution (e.g. 256 x 210)
•very expensive
•narrow view-angle
Light Weight HMD
ultrasound tracking device used with stereoscopic glasses to
track head position
Interactive Walkthrough
Data Glove

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