Control System

- SUBHRADIP DAS
KALYANI GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE

Control System Questions &

Answers(CA1)

 NAME: Subhradip Das

 ROLL: 10201621078
 SEM: 6th
Introduction

Welcome to the presentation on Control System Engineering,

where we will dive into fundamental concepts and components
crucial for understanding and designing control systems. We'll
explore the distinctions between open-loop, manual, and
automatic control, derive the transfer function for closed-loop
systems, and gain insights into various types of servomotors and
components like pneumatic actuators, electro-hydraulic valves,
and tachogenerators. These topics are essential for engineers
and enthusiasts alike, as they form the backbone of control
systems that drive automation and precision in various
industries.
Question1: Differentiating Between Open Loop, Manual, and
Automatic Control
 Open Loop Control:

Definition:
• Open-loop control is a type of control system
where the control action is implemented without
feedback.
Characteristics:
• No feedback loop is present to compare the
output with the desired input.
• The system assumes that the input will produce
the desired output without considering the actual
output.
• It is simple but lacks the ability to adapt to
changes or disturbances.
Example:
• A toaster where you set a timer, and it operates
for that duration without considering the actual
 Manual Control:

Definition:
• Manual control involves direct human
intervention to adjust the system based on
personal observation or judgment.
Characteristics:
• The operator makes decisions and adjusts
the system based on their perception of the
current state.
• Real-time adjustments are possible, but
precision may vary depending on the
operator's skills.
• It is simple and intuitive but may not be
suitable for complex or precise tasks.
Example:
• Driving a car where the driver adjusts the
steering, accelerator, and brake based on
traffic conditions.
 Automatic Control:

Definition:
• Automatic control uses feedback from the
system output to adjust the input,
maintaining the desired output.
Characteristics:
• Involves a feedback loop that continuously
monitors the output and adjusts the input to
maintain stability and accuracy.
• Well-suited for processes with varying
conditions or disturbances.
• Provides better precision and adaptability
compared to open-loop or manual control.
Example:
• Cruise control in a car that adjusts the
throttle based on the current speed,
maintaining a constant speed set by the
driver.
Question2: Deriving the expression of the transfer function for a
closed loop system
 Closed-loop Systems

Closed-loop Systems use feedback where a

portion of the output signal is fed back to the
input to reduce errors and improve stability

we can define the main characteristics of

Closed-loop Control as being:

 To reduce errors by automatically adjusting the systems

input.
 To improve stability of an unstable system.
 To increase or reduce the systems sensitivity.
 To enhance robustness against external disturbances to
the process.
 To produce a reliable and repeatable performance.
Transfer Function of a Single Closed Loop
Consider Figure 1, which is a general version, in
standard notation, of the closed loop. General
functions G(s) and H(s) are, respectively, the
forward-branch and feedback-branch transfer
functions.
E(s)is the actuating error signal, and B(s)
is the feedback signal. We seek the closed-loop
transfer-function, the ratio Out(s)/In(s)
All of the quantities labelled on Figure 14.4.1 are
denoted as functions of Laplace variables, but it is Figure:
important to recognize that there are two 1
fundamentally different types of functions:

1. The “signals” In(s), E(s), B(s), and Out(s),

which actually are Laplace transforms of time-
dependent variables such as motion and
voltage; and
2. The transfer functions G(s) and H(s), which represent in the Laplace domain
the characteristics of systems and objects such as inertia and circuits. To
emphasize the difference in the following derivation of Out(s)/In(s), let us
omit the functional notation “(s)” from the signals, at least in the
intermediate steps. The steps follow naturally from Figure 1:

….equation: 1
Equation 1 is an important, general, labour-saving tool for analysis of loops in any
control system, not just the systems discussed in this chapter. To illustrate its
application, let us use it to derive in detail the loop transfer function written in Step 2
of the block-diagram algebra of Section. From Step 1 of that process (or from Figure
1), we identify: G(s)=Ka/Js2 and H(s)=Kθ
. Substituting these into Equation 1 gives

Out(s)/In(s)=(Ka/Js^2)/{1+(Ka/Js^2)Kθ}=Ka/(Js^2+Ka*Kθ)

which is the loop transfer function shown in the block diagram as the result of Step 2.

A transfer function in Equation 1 often has the form of a ratio of polynomials in s,

such as G(s) in the previous paragraph, so it is useful to derive a version of Equation
1 in terms of the polynomials. First, we define numerator and denominator
polynomials that make up G(s) and H(s):

Next, we carry outand

G(s)≡NG(s)/DG(s) the H(s)≡NH(s)/DH(s)
algebra of Equation ....(equation:
14.4.1, dropping
2) the functional notation
"(s)" from the transfer functions and polynomials in the interest of notational
conciseness:
 …Equation: 3

For the example of the previous paragraph, the simple polynomials are NG=Ka, DG=J2S,
NH=Kθ, and DH=1; substituting these terms into Equation 3 obviously leads to the,
Out(s)/In(s) result derived in the previous paragraph, but with a bit less algebra because the
algebra has been completed in Equation 3. Equation 3 expresses the closed-loop transfer
function as a ratio of polynomials, and it applies in general, not just to the problems of this
chapter.

Finally, we will use later an even more specialized form of Equations 1 and 3 for the case of
unity feedback, H(s)=1=1/1:
 Multi-loop Closed-loop System
Whilst our example above is of a single input, single output closed-loop system, the basic transfer function still applies to
more complex multi-loop systems. Most practical feedback circuits have some form of multiple loop control, and for a
multi-loop configuration the transfer function between a controlled and a manipulated variable depends on whether the
other feedback control loops are open or closed.
Consider the multi-loop system below.

Any cascaded blocks such as G1 and G2 can be reduced,

as well as the transfer function of the inner loop as shown.

After further reduction of the blocks we end up with a

final block diagram which resembles that of the previous
single-loop closed-loop system.

And the transfer function of this multi-loop system becomes:

Then we can see that even complex multi-block or multi-loop
block diagrams can be reduced to give one single block diagram
with one common system transfer function.
Question 3: Short Notes on DC Servomotor, AC Servomotor, and
Hydraulic Servomotor:
 DC Servomotor:

Working Principle:
• A DC servomotor operates on the principle of the
interaction between magnetic fields, specifically the Lorentz
force.
• The motor consists of a stator (field winding) and a rotor
(armature winding).
• When current flows through the armature winding, a
magnetic field is created, causing the rotor to rotate.

Characteristics:
• Precise control of speed and position.
• Quick response to changes in input signals.
• Widely used in applications requiring accurate positioning,
such as robotics and CNC machines.
• Requires a DC power supply.
Advantages:
• High torque-to-inertia ratio.
• Good speed control.
• Simple control methods.
Disadvantages:
• Commutator and brushes may require
maintenance.
• Limited to low to moderate power applications.
DC Servomotor applications:
1.Robotics:
• DC servomotors are extensively used in
robotics for precise control of joint
movements.
• Their quick response and accurate
positioning make them ideal for tasks
requiring intricate motions.
2.CNC Machines:
• In Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
machines, DC servomotors play a vital role
in controlling the position and movement of 48V 1000W Brushless dc servo motor with en
coder
tool heads with high accuracy.
3.Automotive Systems:
• DC servomotors are employed in various
 AC Servomotor:

Working Principle:
• AC servomotors operate on the principle of
electromagnetic induction, typically using three-phase AC.
• The stator produces a rotating magnetic field, inducing a
current in the rotor and causing it to turn.
• These motors are often synchronous, maintaining a
constant relationship with the AC power supply frequency.

Characteristics:
• Used in applications where precise speed and position
control are required, such as industrial automation.
• High efficiency and reliability.
• Suitable for high-power applications.

Advantages:
• No brushes, resulting in less maintenance.
• High power density.
• Well-suited for high-speed applications.
Disadvantages:
• More complex control circuitry compared to DC
servomotors.
• Initial cost may be higher.

AC Servomotor applications:
1.Industrial Automation:
• AC servomotors are widely used in industrial
automation systems for tasks like conveyor
belt control, packaging machinery, and
robotic assembly lines.
2.HVAC Systems:
• Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
(HVAC) systems utilize AC servomotors to
control dampers and valves for precise
airflow regulation.
3.Machine Tools:
• AC servomotors are employed in machine
tools such as milling machines and lathes for
accurate control of cutting tools and AC SERVOMOTOR R1AA10150FXH00M -
230 VAC (INCREMENTAL ENCODER)
workpiece positioning.
4.Renewable Energy:
• AC servomotors play a role in controlling the
 Hydraulic Servomotor:

Working Principle:
• Hydraulic servomotors convert hydraulic pressure into
mechanical motion.
• Typically consists of a cylinder, piston, and hydraulic fluid.
• Pressure applied to the hydraulic fluid generates a force,
causing the piston to move and create rotational motion.

Characteristics:
• High power density, making them suitable for heavy-duty
applications.
• Smooth and precise control of large loads.
• Commonly used in industrial machinery, construction
equipment, and aerospace systems.

Advantages:
• High power-to-weight ratio.
• Can generate high torque at low speeds.
• Capable of handling large loads.
Disadvantages:
• Requires a hydraulic power source, which can add
complexity to the system.
• Potential for hydraulic fluid leakage.

Hydraulic Servomotor applications:

1.Construction Equipment:
• Hydraulic servomotors are used in heavy machinery
such as excavators, bulldozers, and cranes for precise
control of movement and lifting.
2.Aerospace Systems:
• Hydraulic servomotors find applications in aircraft for
controlling landing gear, flaps, and other critical
systems requiring high force and reliability.
3.Marine Industry:
• Hydraulic servomotors are used in ship steering
systems and other marine applications due to their
ability to generate substantial force. Hydraulic Double Acting Cylinder (Se
4.Material Handling: rvo Motor) -
• Hydraulic servomotors are employed in material Hydropack India Pvt. Ltd.
handling equipment like forklifts and conveyor systems
for smooth and controlled movements.
Question 4: Pneumatic Actuator, Electro-Hydraulic Valve, and
Tachogenerator in Control System Engineering
 Pneumatic Actuator:

Definition:
A pneumatic actuator is a device that converts
energy from compressed air into mechanical motion,
typically used to control the position of valves,
dampers, or other mechanical components.
Working Principle:
• Compressed air is supplied to the actuator, creating a
force that acts on a piston or diaphragm.
• The force generated moves the actuator, translating
the motion to the connected valve or mechanism.
• A pneumatic actuator operates by utilizing compressed
air to generate mechanical motion. Compressed air is
directed into an actuator chamber, creating pressure
that causes a piston or diaphragm to move. This
movement is then transferred to a mechanical
component, resulting in either linear or rotary motion,
depending on the design. Pneumatic actuators are
commonly employed in various industrial applications
Characteristics:
• Quick response time due to the compressibility
and rapid transmission of air.
• Simple design and ease of maintenance.
• Suitable for applications requiring fast and
reliable linear or rotary motion.

Advantages:
• Rapid response and high-speed operation.
• Inherently safe in hazardous environments.
• Low-cost compared to some other actuation methods.

Disadvantages:
• Limited force output compared to hydraulic systems.
• Less precise control in comparison to electric actuators.
• Susceptible to variations in air pressure affecting performance.
Applications:
1.Automated Manufacturing:
• Pneumatic actuators are extensively used in
manufacturing and assembly lines for tasks
such as gripping, pushing, and lifting.
• They contribute to the automation of
processes, enhancing efficiency and
reducing human intervention.
2.Control of Valves and Dampers:
• Pneumatic actuators play a crucial role in
controlling various types of valves and
dampers in industrial processes.
• Examples include the use of pneumatic
actuators in HVAC systems to regulate
airflow through dampers.
3.Material Handling:
• In material handling systems, pneumatic
actuators are employed to control the
movement of conveyor belts, sorting
mechanisms, and robotic arms.
 Electro-Hydraulic Valve:

Definition:
An electro-hydraulic valve is a control valve that
regulates the flow of hydraulic fluid in response to an
electrical signal, allowing precise control of hydraulic
actuators.

Working Principle:
• The valve is operated by an electrically driven solenoid or
motor.
• The movement of the valve alters the flow of hydraulic
fluid, controlling the motion of hydraulic actuators.
• An electro-hydraulic valve operates by translating
electrical signals into mechanical movement to control the
flow of hydraulic fluid. When an electrical signal is applied,
it activates a solenoid within the valve, converting
electrical energy into linear motion. This movement, in
turn, adjusts the valve's internal components, allowing
hydraulic fluid to either flow or be blocked, thereby
regulating the operation of hydraulic systems. Electro-
hydraulic valves are crucial components in various
applications, including industrial machinery and hydraulic
Characteristics:
• Precise control of hydraulic systems.
• Well-suited for applications requiring high force
and accuracy.
• Can be integrated into complex control systems.

Advantages:
• High force output with precise control.
• Versatile and suitable for various industrial
applications.
• Can operate in harsh environments.
Disadvantages:
• Complexity in control circuitry.
• Higher initial cost compared to pneumatic systems.
• Requires a hydraulic power source.
Applications:

1.Industrial Hydraulic Systems:

• Electro-hydraulic valves are fundamental
components in industrial hydraulic systems,
controlling the flow and pressure of
hydraulic fluid to drive various mechanisms.
• Applications include hydraulic presses,
machine tools, and heavy machinery.
2.Aerospace Systems:
• In aircraft, electro-hydraulic valves are used
to control landing gear, wing flaps, and
other critical flight control surfaces.
• These valves provide precise and reliable 4WEH Rexroth Electro-Hydraulic Dire
control, crucial for safe and efficient flight. ctional Control Valve: Rexroth Type
3.Construction Equipment:
• Heavy construction machinery, such as
excavators and bulldozers, often relies on
electro-hydraulic valves to control the
movement of hydraulic cylinders and
manipulate attachments.
 Tachogenerator:

Definition:
A tachogenerator is an electromechanical device that generates an
electrical voltage proportional to the speed of rotation of a shaft or motor.

Working Principle:
• The device typically consists of a rotor and stator.
• As the shaft rotates, it induces a voltage in the stator windings, producing
an electrical signal proportional to the rotational speed.
• A tachogenerator is a type of electrical device that converts mechanical
rotation into an electrical voltage, providing a direct measurement of
rotational speed. Here's a concise overview of its working: A
tachogenerator typically consists of a rotor and a stator. The rotor is
mechanically connected to the rotating system whose speed is to be
measured, while the stator is stationary. The rotor has coils of wire that cut
through a magnetic field produced by the stator. As the rotor spins, the
magnetic flux through the coils changes, inducing an electromotive force
(EMF) or voltage in the coils according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction. The generated voltage is proportional to the rotational speed of
the system. This electrical output can be used as a feedback signal for
control systems, monitoring and regulating the speed of motors,
generators, or other rotating machinery. Tachogenerators are commonly
Characteristics:
• Provides feedback on the speed of rotating
machinery.
• Commonly used in closed-loop control systems.
• Requires regular maintenance to ensure
accuracy.

Advantages:
• Real-time feedback on rotational speed.
• Simple design and ease of integration.
•Disadvantages :
Suitable for applications where speed control is
critical.
• May wear out over time, requiring maintenance.
• Limited accuracy in certain applications.
• Sensitive to environmental factors such as
temperature.
Applications:

1.Motor Speed Control:

• Tachogenerators are used in closed-loop
control systems to provide feedback on the
speed of electric motors.
• In applications like conveyor systems or
electric drives, tachogenerators help
maintain a consistent and controlled speed.
2.Aviation:
• Tachogenerators are utilized in aviation for
monitoring the speed of aircraft engines.
• They contribute to the precision and safety
of flight operations by providing real-time
speed feedback.
3.Paper Industry:
• Tachogenerators find applications in the 12 V DC Tachogenerator TDP-
0-03
paper industry to monitor and control the
speed of rollers and other components in
printing and paper processing machinery.
 Conclusion
In conclusion, we've covered a spectrum of topics integral to Control System
Engineering. We began by understanding the fundamental differences between open-
loop, manual, and automatic control, recognizing their applications and advantages.
Moving forward, we derived the transfer function for closed-loop systems, providing
a mathematical foundation for system analysis and design. Our exploration then
extended to the world of servomotors, discussing the characteristics of DC
servomotors, AC servomotors, and hydraulic servomotors. Finally, we examined the
practical application of control components, such as pneumatic actuators, electro-
hydraulic valves, and tachogenerators, unraveling their roles in ensuring precision
and efficiency in control systems. This presentation aims to equip you with a
comprehensive understanding of these key elements, paving the way for enhanced
control system design and implementation.