Introduction to Object-oriented

programming and software

development

Lecture 1 – Part 1
Based on Slides of Dr. Norazah Yusof
Procedural Programming
 Traditional programming languages
were procedural.
 C, Pascal, BASIC, Ada and COBOL
 Programming in procedural languages
involves choosing data structures
(appropriate ways to store data),
designing algorithms, and translating
algorithm into code.

2
Procedural Programming
 In procedural programming, data and
operations on the data are separated.
 This methodology requires sending data
to procedure/functions.

3
Procedural Programming

Data Element

Function A Function B

4
Object-Oriented Programming
 Object-oriented programming (OOP) is
centered on creating objects rather than
procedures/ functions.
 Objects are a melding of data and
procedures that manipulate that data.
 Data in an object are known as attributes.
 Procedures/functions in an object are known
as methods.

5
Object-Oriented Programming
Object
Attributes (data)

Methods
(behaviors / procedures) 6
Object-Oriented Programming
 Object-oriented programming combines data and
behavior (or method) via encapsulation.
 Data hiding is the ability of an object to hide data
from other objects in the program.
 Only an objects methods should be able to directly
manipulate its attributes.
 Other objects are allowed to manipulate an object’s
attributes via the object’s methods.
 This indirect access is known as a programming
interface.

7
Object-Oriented Programming
Object
Attributes (data)
Programming typically private to this object
Interface

Other
objects

Methods
8
(behaviors / procedures)
 Object-Oriented Programming
Languages

 Pure OO Languages
Smalltalk, Eiffel, Actor, Java

 Hybrid OO Languages
C++, Objective-C, Object-Pascal

9
The Vocabulary of OOP - Class
 The most important term is the class.
 A class is the template or blueprint from which objects
are actually made.
 All codes that you write in Java is inside a class.
 The standard Java library supplies several thousand
classes.
 You can create your own classes in Java to describe
the objects of the problem domains of your applications
and to adapt the classes that are supplied by the
standard library to your own purposes.
 A class encapsulates the attributes and actions that

characterizes a certain type of object.

10
The Vocabulary of OOP - Objects
 Classes can be used to instantiate as
many objects as are needed.
 Each object that is created from a class
is called an instance of the class.
 A program is simply a collection of
objects that interact with each other to
accomplish a goal.

11
 Classes and Objects
The Vehicle class defines the
attributes and methods that Kancil object
will exist in all objects
The Kancil object is an
that are an instances of the instance of the Car class.
vehicle class.

Car class
The Nazaria object is an
instance of the Car class.

Nazaria object

12
 The Vocabulary of OOP -
Encapsulation
 Encapsulation is a key concept in working with objects.
 Combining data and behavior in one package and
hiding the implementation of the data from the user of
the object.
 The data in an object are called its instance fields,
and the procedures that operate on the data are called
its methods.
 The key to making encapsulation work is to have
methods never directly access instance fields in a
class other than their own.
 Programs should interact with object data only through
the object's methods.
 By encapsulating object data, you maximize reusability,
reduce data dependency, and minimize debugging
time.
13
The Vocabulary of OOP –
Data Hiding
 Data hiding is important for several reasons.
 It protects of attributes from accidental
corruption by outside objects.
 It hides the details of how an object works, so
the programmer can concentrate on using it.
 It allows the maintainer of the object to have
the ability to modify the internal functioning of
the object without “breaking” someone else's
code.

14
The Vocabulary of OOP –
Code Reusability
 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) has encouraged
component reusability.
 A component is a software object contains data and
methods that represents a specific concept or service.
 Components typically are not stand-alone programs.
 Components can be used by programs that need the
component’s service.
 Reuse of code promotes the rapid development of larger
software projects.

15
The Vocabulary of OOP – Inheritance
 Inheritance is the ability of one class to extend the
capabilities of another.
 it allows code defined in one class to be
reused in other classes
 Consider the class Car. A Car is a specialized form
of the Vehicle class.
 So, is said that the Vehicle class is the base or parent
class of the Car class.
 The Car class is the derived or child class of the
Vehicle class.

16
 The Vocabulary of OOP - Inheritance

Vehicle represents all

of the generic attributes Vehicle is the
Vehicle parent class.
and methods of a vehicle.

is-a relationship

Car and Truck are Car and Truck are

child classes of Car Truck Specialized versions of
Vehicle. a Vehicle.

17
The Vocabulary of OOP –
Polymorphism
 Polymorphism means "many forms."
 A reference variable is always of a single,
unchangeable type, but it can refer to a
subtype object.
 A single object can be referred to by reference
variables of many different types—as long as
they are the same type or a supertype of the
object. The reference variable's type (not the
object's type), determines which methods can
be called!
 Polymorphism allows extensibility.
18
Self-test: Introduction to Object Oriented
Programming
1. State the differences between procedural
programming and Object Oriented
Programming.
2. What is an Object and what is a Class?
What is the difference between them?
3. What is an Attribute?
4. What is a Method?
5. What is encapsulation? How it relates to
information hiding?
6. What is inheritance? How it relates to
polymorphism?
19