Reinforced

Concrete I
Aksum University
TECHNOLOGY Faculty
Department of Civil Engineering
Lecture-1
1
 Introduction

Properties of reinforced concrete:

 What is Concrete?

Concrete: -Concrete is stone like material

obtained artificially by hardening of the
mixture of cement, inert-aggregate
materials (fine & course) and water in
predetermined proportions.

2
 Properties of reinforced
concrete

The material called concrete in this Lecture

is made three or four basic ingredients,
usually called concrete making materials.
These materials for concrete are:
 Hydraulic cement, usually portland
cement
 Mineral aggregate(s)
 Water
 Admixture(s) (optional)
3
 Properties of reinforced….

 When these ingredients are mixed, they

form a plastic mass which can be poured
in suitable moulds (forms) and set-on
standing into hard solid mass, as a result
of exothermic chemical reaction between
cement and water.
 To produce a workable mix, more water is
used over and above that needed for this
chemical reaction.
4
 Properties of reinforced….
 Concrete has been the construction material
used in the largest quantity for several decades.
 The reason for its popularity can be found in the
excellent technical properties of concrete as well
as in the economy of this material.
 It is also characteristic that the properties of
concrete ingredients have a major influence on
the fresh as well as hardened concrete.
Therefore, the selection of concrete-making
materials for a given purpose is quite important.

5
 Properties of reinforced….

In order to make this selection

intelligently, the selecting person should
be able to assess
concrete-making materials, and should
know what to select, how to select it, and
why to select it in a particular way. In
other words, he or she should be familiar
with the available types of each of the
concrete-making materials; the
significance and application.
6
 Compressive Strength of
concrete:

 A wide range of strength properties can

be obtained for concrete by appropriate
adjustment of the proportions of the
constituent materials, using different
degree of the compaction and the
conditions of temperature and moisture
under which it is placed and cured.
 Water-cement ratio is the main factor
affecting the strength of concrete, as
shown in the next slide.
7
Compressive Strength of
concrete:

8
 Compressive Strength of
concrete:

 Standard test specimens of 150mm

cube are taken at the age of 28days to
determine the compressive strength of
concrete according to Ethiopian
standard institution (ESI).
 At age of 7days, concrete may attain
approximately about 2/3 of the full
compressive strength of concrete.
 In some national standard (example ACI
code), cylinder specimens of 150mm
diameter by 300mm high are taken. 9
 Compressive Strength of
concrete:
 Although the load is applied uni-axially, the
friction between the loading plate and the
contact faces of the test specimen has more
effect on cube strength than the cylinder
strength.
 Because of this, the cube strength gives
more strength than the true compressive
strength of concrete, whereas, cylinder
strength gives reasonably the true
compressive strength.
 On average, cube strength is taken as 1.25
times cylinder strength.
10
 Tensile strength of concrete

 Even though concrete is weak in

tension, its tensile strength is important
in a variety of items.
 Shear and torsion resistance of RC
members primarily depend on tensile
strength of concrete. Further, the
conditions under which cracks form and
propagate on tension zone of RC flexural
members depend strongly on the tensile
strength of concrete.
11
 Tensile strength of concrete

 Two methods are used to determine

tensile strength of concrete. These are :
1. Beam-test and
2. Split-cylinder test method.

 According to EBCS-2, characteristic

tensile strength of concrete is obtained
using:
23
f ctk 0.21 (0.8 f cu )
12
 Tensile strength of concrete
 Beam test method, tensile strength of
concrete is obtained by loading plain
concrete test-beam laterally by two point
loads at the third points of test-beam until
the tension zone of the beam fracture.
 Tensile strength of concrete is then
computed using flexural stress formula
M.c
I
in terms of modulus of rupture concrete.
13
 Tensile strength of concrete

 Split-cylinder test method, tensile

strength of concrete is obtained by
loading standard plain concrete cylinder
along the side until the cylinder splits in
to two pieces. The tensile strength of
concrete is the computed by
2P
 . d .l
based on the theory of elasticity for
homogeneous material in a bi-axial state
of stress. 14
 Tensile strength of concrete

 Whatever the method, it is known that,

the tensile strength of concrete is
relatively low, and it is about 10 to 15%
of compressive strength of concrete.

15
 Shrinkage and Thermal
Movement

 Concrete may under go deformations

and volume changes with out
application of loading. This phenomenon
may be caused by shrinkage and
thermal-movement in fresh and
hardened concrete.
 Shrinkage of concrete is liable to cause
cracking, but it has the beneficial effect
of strengthening the bond between the
reinforcing steel and the surrounding
concrete. 16
 Shrinkage and Thermal
Movement

 Shrinkage of concrete caused initially by

the absorption of water by cement and
aggregate, and further by evaporation of
water which rises to surface as a result
of capillary action.
 During setting process the hydration of
cement causes a great deal of heat to
be generated, and as the concrete cools,
further shrinkage takes place due to
thermal contraction.
17
 Shrinkage and Thermal
Movement

 Thermal shrinkage may be reduced by:

 Using a mix-design with low cement
content. EBCS-2 specifies cement content
not to exceed 550kg/m3 of concrete.
 Avoiding rapid hardening & finely ground
cement.
 Keeping aggregate & mixing water cool, or
may be need to keep them under shade.
 Maintaining the temperature & evaporating
water by proper curing.
18
 Creep of Concrete
 Creep is the continuous deformation of a member
under sustained compressive stress over a
considerable length of time (under long-term
loading). It is a phenomenon associated with
brittle materials (concrete is a brittle material).
 Creep deformation depends on the stress in
concrete, duration of loading and water-cement
ratio.
 The effect of creep has to be considered in design
of reinforced concrete member subjected to
compressive stress mainly caused by long term
loading (dead load).

19
 Creep of Concrete
 The effect of creep is particularly important in
beams, where the increased deformations may
cause the opening of cracks and damage of
finishes.
 To reduce creep deformation, it is necessary to
provide nominal reinforcement in the
compression zone of the beam. The nominal
area of compression steel required by doubly
reinforced beam is about 0.4% of the area in
compression (which may be taken as 0.2% of
the whole area including tension zone).
20
Creep of Concrete

21
 Reinforcing Steel
 Steel reinforcements are available in the
form of round bars and welded wire
fabric.
 The most commonly used bars have
projected ribs on the surface of bar. Such
bars are called deformed bars. The ribs of
deformed bar improve the bond between
steel and the surrounding concrete in RC
members by providing mechanical keys.

22
 Reinforcing Steel

 A wide range of reinforcing bars is

available with nominal diameter ranging
6mm to 35mm.
 Most bars except 6mm diameter are
deformed one. Some of the common bar
size with their application in concrete
works are given in table below.

23
 Not Available
Reinforcing Steel in the local
market

For stirrups For slabs For beams & columns

Diam.
(mm) 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28

Area 0.28 0.50 0.785 1.13 1.54 2.01 2.52 3.14 3.8 4.9 6.2
(cm2)

Weigh 0.222 0.395 0.617 0.888 1.21 1.57 2.0 2.47 3.0 3.9 4.8
t
(kg/m)
Peri. 1.88 2.51 3.14 3.77 4.4 5.02 5.65 6.28 6.9 7.85 8.79
(cm)

24
 Strength of reinforcing
steel

 Reinforcing steel is capable of resisting

both tension and compression.
 Compared with concrete, it is a high
strength material. For instance, the
strength of ordinary reinforcing steel is
about 10 and 100 times, the
compressive and tensile strength of
common structural concrete.

25
Strength of reinforcing
steel

26
 Reinforced Concrete (as a
composite material)

 It is known that plain concrete is quite

strong in compression, weak in tension.
 On the other hand, steel is a high cost
material which able to resist both tension
& compression.
 The two materials (plain concrete and
reinforcing steel) are best be utilized in
logical combination if steel bars are
embedded in the plain concrete in
tension zone close to the surface.
27
 Reinforced Concrete (as a
composite material)
 In this case, plain concrete is made to resist
the compressive stresses and reinforcing
steel resists the tensile stresses.
 Both plain concrete and reinforcing steel
bar together assumed to act as one
composite unit and it is termed as
Reinforced concrete (RC).
 The tensile stresses developed in the
section are transferred to reinforcing steel
by the bond between the interfaces of the
two materials.
28
 Reinforced Concrete (as a
composite material)
 In all RC members, strength design is
made on the assumption that concrete
does not resist any tensile stresses.
 All the tensile stresses are assumed to
be resisted by the reinforcing steel
imbedded in tension zone.
 Some times if necessary, reinforcing
steel is provided in compression zone to
assist the concrete resisting
compression in addition to reducing
creep deformation.
29
 Reinforced Concrete (as a
composite material)
 Reinforcing steel and concrete may work readily in
combinations due to the following reasons.
1. Bond between the bars and the surrounding concrete
prevents slip of the bars relative to the concrete. Adequate
concrete cover for steel bar and embedment length of bar
are required to transfer stress between steel and concrete
without slipping.
2. Proper concrete mixes provide adequate impermeability of
concrete against bar corrosion.
3. Sufficiently similar rates of thermal expansion (0.00001/0C to
0.000013/0C for concrete and 0.000012/0C for steel)
introduce negligible stresses between steel and concrete
under temperature changes.
30
 Advantages of Reinforced
Concrete

 It is monolithic. This gives it more rigidity.

 It is durable. It does not deteriorate with
time.
 While it is plastic, it can be moldable into
any desired shape.
 It is fire, weather and corrosion resistant.
 By proper proportioning of mix, concrete
can be made water-tight.
 Its maintenance cost is practically nil.
31
 Disadvantages of Reinforced
Concrete:

 It is difficult to demolish in case of repair

of modification.
 It is too difficult to inspect after the
concrete has been poured.

32
 Behavior of RC Beam under Lateral Loading

 When beam is subjected to gradually

increasing lateral load, there is change in
stresses & deformations.
 If these stresses and deformations exceed
the capacity of the materials of the beam,
the beam will fail.
 Tests have shown that RC beams may fail
either along a vertical (normal) plane or a
diagonal plane. The aim of design of a
member is to ensure resistance of section of
beam along all planes.
33
 Behavior of RC Beam under Lateral Loading

 Three stages of behavior can be observed

at a section of maximum moment, when
singly reinforced beam is subjected to
gradually increasing load till failure.
[See Handout,pp8-10]

34
Behavior of RC Beam…
Stage I: Uncracked

35
Behavior of RC Beam…
Stage II: Cracked Section Under Working
Load

36
Behavior of RC Beam…
Stage III: Cracked Section Under Ultimate
Load

37
 Design Philosophies (Methods)

 The objective of reinforced concrete

design is to achieve a structure or part
structure that will result in a safe and
economical solution.
 For a given structural system, the design
problem consists of the following steps:
1.Idealization of structure for analysis
(dimension of members, support
condition of structure and etc.)
2.Estimation of loadings. 38
 Design Philosophies (Methods)

3. Analysis of idealized structural model to

determine stress-resultants (axial
forces, shear forces, torsions & bending
moments) and their effects
(deformations).
4. Design of structural elements (if
assumed dimensions are adequate).
5. Detailed structural drawings and
schedule of reinforcing bars.
39
 Design Philosophies (Methods)

 To achieve safe and economic

structures, three philosophies of design
had been adopted by codes of practices.
These are:
1. Working Stress Design (WSD) or
Elastic Design Method
2. Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
Method, and
3. Limit State Design (LSD) Method.
40
 Working Stress Design (WSD) method

 WSD is the oldest and simplest method of

design used for reinforced concrete structures.
 It is based on the assumption that concrete is
elastic, steel & concrete together act
elastically. Also, the stresses developed in
concrete & steel are not exceeded the
respective allowable stresses any where in the
structure when structure is subjected to the
worst combination of service design loads.

41
 Working Stress Design (WSD) method

 The allowable stresses of materials are

determined dividing material strengths by a
factor of safety.
 Safety factors specified by British standard are 3
for concrete and 1.8 for reinforcing steel. These
safety factors are obtained from many years of
practical experience and engineering judgment.
 The safety factors specified by codes are
assumed to cover all uncertainties existing in
estimations of service design loads and material
strengths.
42
 Working Stress Design (WSD) method
 The main drawbacks of WSD method are as follows:
1. Concrete is not elastic material. The inelastic
behavior of concrete starts right from very low
stresses. The actual stress distribution of concrete in
section can not be described by a triangular stress
diagram.
2. Since factor of safety is applied on the strength of
materials, there is no way to account for different
degrees of uncertainty associated with different types
of loadings.
3. It is difficult to account for creep and shrinkage by
computations of elastic stresses.
43
 Limit State Design (LSD)
method:

 Limit state design method has

developed from ultimate strength design
method in order to apply in service load
and ultimate load conditions.
 Design of structure in limit state is made
to achieve an acceptable probability
that structure or part of it will not
become unfit for use for which it is
intended during expected life.
44
 Limit State Design (LSD)
method:
 A structure with appropriate degrees of reliability
should be able to withstand safely all possible
combinations of design loads that are liable to act
on it throughout its life and it should also satisfy
the serviceability requirements, such as,
limitations on deflection and cracking.
 Further, it should be able to maintain the required
structural integrity during and after accidents
such as fires, explosions and local failure. In other
words, all relevant limit states must to be
considered in design to ensure an adequate
degree of safety and serviceability. 45
 Limit State Design (LSD)
method:
 These limit states which must be examined
in design are broadly classified in to two
major limit states. These are:
1. Ultimate strength limit state (Limit state
of collapse), and
2. Serviceability limit state
 Ultimate limit state: the ultimate limit state is
preferred to collapse.
 Serviceability limit states: deflection, cracking,
vibration, durability, fatigue, fire resistance and
lightning. 46
 Grade of Concrete:
 Concrete is graded in terms of
characteristic compressive cube
strength.
 The grade of concrete to be used in
design depends on the classification of
concrete works and its intended use.
 EBCS-2 specifies grades of concrete for
two classes of concrete works as shown
below. Class Grades of concrete (MPa)
I C-5 C-15 C-20 C-25 C-30 C-40
C-50 C-60

C-5 C-15 C-20 47

II
 Design Strength of Material in Limit
State:

 The design strength for a given material

and limit state is given by:
fk
fd 
m
where
fk -characteristic strength of
materials
m –partial safety factor for materials
48
 Design Strength for
Concrete

(a)In compression:
0.67 f cu
f cd 
(ESCP-2/83) c

0.68 f cu
f cd 
(EBCS-2/95) c

(b) In tension:
f ctk
f ctd 
c 49
 Design Strength of Material in Limit
State:
 Idealized Stress-Strain Diagrams: For design purpose,
most codes adopt idealized stress-strain diagrams in
predicting the ultimate strength of sections in plastic-
theory. In EBCS-2, a parabola-rectangle stress-strain
diagram is given for concrete in compression as shown in
figure below.

0.68 f cu
f cd 
c

50
 Modulus of Elasticity of
Concrete:
 According to ESCP-2/83 and EBCS-2/95,
mean value of the secant modulus, EC is
given as shown in table below.
f cu (MPa )
C-15 C-20 C-25 C-30 C-40 C-50 C-60
Ec (GPa)
-ESCP-2/83 24 25 26 28 31 34 ---

-EBCS-2/95 26 27 29 32 35 37 39

51
Modulus of Elasticity of
Concrete:

52
 Design Strength for Steel

 In tension and compression:

f yk
f yd 
s
Concrete, c Reinforcing Steel, s
Design Situations
Class I Class II Class I Class II

Persistent and Transient 1.50 1.65 1.15 1.20

Accidental 1.30 1.45 1.00 1.10

53
 Design Strength for
Steel
 EBCS,2: also idealized the stress-strain diagram for steel
with ultimate strain of 0.01 as shown in figure below. It is a
portion of stress-strain diagram of steel. The maximum
strain of steel, permitted by code assumed to limit width of
concrete crack in tension zone to acceptable limit.

f yk
f yd 
s

54