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Anitha and Clement Assignment

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6 views

Anitha and Clement Assignment

Uploaded by

rusibane oscar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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College of Med and H.

S
Huye campus
Prosthetics and orthotics
Level 1
2022-2023
Module: Pathology assignment

Prepared by:
Tumukunde Anitha……………..223010115
Niyireba Clemence ……………..223010318
Our presentation will focuses on a pathology called :

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA).

1.Definition:
It is an autoimmune disease that cause chronic inflammation of the joint.
which means that the immune system attacks synovial tissue lining the joint mistakenly which may lead to
inflammation like pain ,swelling and this mostly affect joints.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
2.Causes:

. The exactly causes of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is unknow , but there are many factor which may contribute to
it.these include :

 Genetics factors :some individual may have a genetic predisposition to developing rheumatoid arthritis

 Environmental triggers (like smoking )

 Hormonal factors (RA is commonly in women than men )

 Immune system dysfunction.


3.Pathophysiology and Mechanisms of RA:

The abnormal immune response in RA involves the activation of white blood cell and the production of inflammatory
molecules like cytokines ,these molecules damage the synovial tissues causing inflammation ,thickness, and fluid build
up in joints.
So initially activated immune cell(t-cell)infiltrates the synovium and release pro-inflammatory cytokines which recruit
and activates other immune cell (macrophage and B-cell).
Macrophage: play a crucial role in RA pathogenesis, they contribute to persistent inflammation by producing other
inflammatory cytokine and enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)which degrade joint tissues. And also
activate fibroblast like synoviocytes leading to synovial hyperplasia and pannus formation .
B-cell: this also participates in RA pathogenesis by producing autoantibodies (rheumatoid factors RF and anti-
citrullinated protein antibodies ACPAs).these autoantibodies form immune complexes that further perpetuate the
inflammatory response and contributes to joint damage.
By over time ,chronic inflammation can erode cartilages, bones, and tendon leading to deformities and loss of function .
4.Common symptoms and clinical manifestation of RA :

 Pain :worsening pain in affected area especially in the morning and after inactivity period.

 Stiffness, and swelling within a joints within a joints ,it affect


Hands ,wrist,knee,and feet .
Morning stiffness last 30 minutes.
 Fatigue ,fever and loss of Appetit are common.
in severe cases , these lead to joint deformities and reduces range of motion .
 Joint tenderness
 Rheumatoid nodules :these are firm ,painless bumps that can develop under skin around the joint.
5.Diagnostic method of RA : it involve combination of different factors :

. Blood tests to detect markers of inflammation (rheumatoid factor ,CRP) and antibodies physical examination in
order to access joint pain ,swelling and tenderness.
Medical history and physical exam to assess swelling ,tenderness and range of motion.
. Imaging studies like x-ray or MRI scan to visualize joint damaged and inflammation.
Ultrasound to visualize joint inflammation and identify fluid buildup.
6.Available treatment of RA : there is no cure for RA ,but there is treatment aim to control disease
activity and minimizing joint damage.
 The conservative management involve :

.Medications : Disease –modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) suppress the immune response ,while
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and corticosteroids help to control pain and also inflammation.
.physical and occupational therapy in order to improve joint flexibility, strength and
Function.
Lifestyle modification like maintaining a healthy weight ,quitting smoking and getting enough to rest.

 Surgical interventions : in severe cases with significant joint damage ,joint replacement surgery may be carried in
order to restore function and improve quality of life.
 .Synovectomy :removing the inflamed synovial tissue lining the joint.it is performed in smaller joint like in
finger ,wrist or knee.
Joint replacement and tendon repair.
Arthrodesis: it involves fusing the bones of joint together to eliminate pain and improve stability.
7.Research associated with RA

Research in RA continue to explore new therapeutic targets .


.Biologic medications that target specific inflammatory pathway are showing promise result
.Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment with DMARDS have improved long –term
Outcomes for patients
. Personalized medicine approaches based on individuals patient characteristics
are being explored.
Hence, Research on the gut microbiome and its potential role in RA is ongoing.
CONT’D

QUSTIONS AND
ANSWERS.
REFERENCES:
• https://modernmedlab.com
• https://www.who .int/news-room/fact-sheet/detail/rheumatoid –
artheritis
• Google scholar .https://scholar .google.com.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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