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12 views

Unit 4_ecxept Counters

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r.thenmozli222
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© © All Rights Reserved
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23ECR101 Digital LOGIC

CIRCUITS

UNIT-4
SYNCHRONOUS
LOGIC CIRCUITS

Dr. A Suresh babu


Associate Professor,ECE
KCE
SYLLABUS

Design of Combinational Logic Circuits


Sequential circuits, latches, Flip flops – SR, JK, T, D, Flip Flop conversions,
analysis of clocked sequential circuits- Moore/Mealy models, state
minimization, state assignment, state diagram. Registers, shift registers,
Universal Shift Register, ripple counters, synchronous counters - Modulo
counters.

2
INTRODUCTION TO
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

3
INTRODUCTION TO SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

The digital system consists of two types of


circuits,
 Combinational circuit:
 consists of logic gates
 output at any time is determined from
the present combination of inputs.

 Sequential circuit:
 comprises both logic gates and the state
of storage elements such as flip-flops.
 The output of a sequential circuit
depends not only on present value of
inputs but also on past state of inputs. 4
INTRODUCTION TO SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

 Sequential circuits are digital circuits that


store and use the previous state
information to determine their next state.
 Sequential circuits depend on both the
current inputs and the previous state stored
in memory elements.
 They are commonly used in digital systems
to implement state machines, timers,
counters, and memory elements and are
essential components in digital systems
design.
 The memory elements in sequential circuits
can be implemented using flip-flops, which
MODULE- 4 ECE2003 – DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN 6
INTRODUCTION TO SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

Block diagram of a Sequential logic


circuit

7
INTRODUCTION TO ASYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL
CIRCUITS

 These circuits do not use a clock signal but


uses the pulses of the inputs.
 These circuits are faster than synchronous
sequential circuits because there is clock
pulse and change their state immediately
when there is a change in the input signal.
 We use asynchronous sequential circuits
when speed of operation is important and
independent of internal clock pulse.
 But these circuits are more difficult to
design and their output is uncertain.
8
INTRODUCTION TO SYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL
CIRCUITS

 These circuits uses clock signal and level


inputs (or pulsed) (with restrictions on pulse
width and circuit propagation).
 The output pulse is the same duration as
the clock pulse for the clocked sequential
circuits.
 Since they wait for the next clock pulse to
arrive to perform the next operation, so
these circuits are bit slower compared to
asynchronous.
 Level output changes state at the start of
an input pulse and remains in that until the 8
INTRODUCTION TO SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

Block diagram of a Synchronus


Sequential logic circuit

 We use synchronous sequential circuit in


synchronous counters, flip flops, and in the
design of MOORE-MEALY state management
machines.
7
CLOCK SIGNAL AND TRIGERRING

 Clock signal is a kind of control signal that


allows the elements of synchronous circuits
to be in phase or phenomena that occur in
circuits.
 It is derived from the square wave that has
a high and a low level, it helps in measuring
the sequential changes in the circuit states.
 The clock signal also makes a pulse
simultaneously on all the circuit parts that
are needed for the proper work of
synchronous sequential circuits. 8
Types of Triggering

Level Triggering
 Level triggering happens when the change
of state is from the level of the clock signal
is high or low. The circuit depends on the
level of the clock signal rather than the
rising or the falling edge of it.
Positive Level Triggering
 The circuit changes state when it is high
time in the clock cycle i.e. when the clock
signal is high.
Negative Level Triggering:
 The circuit changes state when the clock
8
Level Triggering

8
Types of Triggering

Edge Triggering
 Edge triggering occurs when the state
change is initiated by the transition (rising
or falling edge) of the clock signal. The
circuit responds to the clock signal’s edges
rather than its levels.
Positive Edge Triggering:
 The circuit changes state on the rising edge
(transition from low to high) of the clock
signal.
Negative Edge Triggering:
 The circuit changes state on the falling
8
Level Triggering

8
Advantages of Sequential Circuits

 Memory: Sequential circuits have the ability to


store binary values, which makes them ideal for
applications that require memory elements, such
as timers and counters.
 Timing: Sequential circuits are commonly used to
implement timing and synchronization in digital
systems , making them essential for real-time
control application.
 State machine implementation: Sequential circuits
can be used to implement state machines, which
are useful for controlling complex digital systems
and ensuring that they operate as intended.
 Error detection: Sequential circuits can be
designed to detect errors in digital systems and
respond accordingly, improving the reliability of 8
Disadvantages of Sequential Circuits

 Complexity: Sequential circuits are typically more


complex than combinational circuits and require
more components to implement.
 Timing constraints: The design of sequential
circuits can be challenging due to the need to
ensure that the timing of the inputs and outputs is
correct.
 Testing and debugging: Testing and debugging
sequential circuits can be more difficult compared
to combinational circuits due to their complex
structure and state-dependent outputs.
Applications
 Counters
 Registers
8
Types of Flop flops

The flip-flops are basically the circuits that


maintain a certain state unless and until
directed by the input for changing that state.
We can construct a basic flip-flop using four-
NOR and four-NAND gates.
Types of Flip-Flops
 S-R Flip Flop

 J-K Flip Flop

 T Flip Flop

 D Flip Flop
8
SR flip flop

8
JK flip flop

8
T flip flop

8
D flip flop

8
State Diagram of flip flops

Electronic Hardware System Design


Characteristic Equation of flip flops

Electronic Hardware System Design


Excitation Table

An excitation table shows the minimum inputs that are necessary to


generate a particular next state

8
Conversion of JK Flip Flop to D Flip Flop
Conversion of JK Flip Flop to T Flip Flop
Conversion of SR Flip Flop to JK Flip Flop
Conversion of SR Flip Flop to D Flip Flop
Conversion of SR Flip Flop to T Flip Flop
Conversion of T Flip Flop to JK Flip Flop
State Machine

Electronic Hardware System Design


Example of Moore Circuit

Electronic Hardware System Design


State Diagram

Electronic Hardware System Design


Electronic Hardware System Design
State Table

Electronic Hardware System Design


State table and State Diagram

Electronic Hardware System Design


Electronic Hardware System Design
Electronic Hardware System Design
Electronic Hardware System Design
Electronic Hardware System Design
ANALYSIS OF
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS

23
ANALYSIS

24
Electronic Hardware System Design
Electronic Hardware System Design
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Electronic Hardware System Design
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Electronic Hardware System Design
Electronic Hardware System Design
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Electronic Hardware System Design
Electronic Hardware System Design
THANK YOU

by
S B
A

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