Advanced Structured Query

Language (SQL)
Lecture 8

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Learning Outcomes
 In this chapter, you will learn:
 How to use SQL for data administration (to drop
tables and create views)
 How to use SQL for data manipulation (to delete
and retrieve data)
 How to use SQL to query a database for useful
information
 How to use SQL functions to manipulate dates,
strings, and other data
 How to create and use updatable views
 How to create and use triggers and stored
procedure

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3
Deleting a Table from the Database
 DROP
 Deletes table from database
 Syntax:
DROP TABLE tablename;
 Example:
DROP TABLE LINE;
 Can drop a table only if it is not the “one” side
of any relationship
 Otherwise, RDBMS generates an error message
 Foreign key integrity violation

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Ordering a Listing
 ORDER BY clause is useful when listing order is
important
 Syntax:
SELECT columnlist
FROM tablelist
[WHERE conditionlist]
[ORDER BY columnlist [ASC | DESC]];
 Ascending order by default
 Example:
 SELECT P_CODE, P_DESCRIPT, P_INDATE, P_PRICE
FROM PRODUCT
ORDER BY P_PRICE;

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Order Results in Ascending Order

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Telephone List Query Results
SELECT EMP_LNAME, EMP_FNAME,
EMP_INITIAL, EMP_AREACODE, EMP_PHONE
FROM EMPLOYEE
ORDER BY EMP_LNAME, EMP_FNAME,
EMP_INITIAL;

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A Query based on Multiple Restrictions
SELECT P_DESCRIPT, V_CODE, P_INDATE,
P_PRICE
FROM PRODUCT WHERE P_INDATE > ‘1999-08-
20’
AND P_PRICE <= 50.00 ORDER BY V_CODE,
P_INDATE, ASC;

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Listing Unique Values
 DISTINCT clause produces list of only values
that are different from one another
 Example:
SELECT DISTINCT V_CODE
FROM PRODUCT;

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Aggregate Functions
 COUNT – retrieve number of items
 Takes one parameter: usually a column name
 MAX and MIN find highest (lowest) value in a
table
 Compute MAX value in inner query
 Compare to each value returned by the query
 SUM computes total sum for any specified
attribute
 AVG function format is similar to MIN and MAX

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Example Output of COUNT Function
SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT V_CODE) DISTINCT V_CODE
FROM PRODUCT; 6

SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT V_CODE)

DISTINCT V_CODE
FROM PRODUCT
WHERE P_PRICE <=10.00; 5

SELECT COUNT (*)

COUNT(*)
FROM PRODUCT
WHERE P_PRICE <=10.00; 3

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Example Output of MAX and MIN
Functions
SELECT MAX(P_PRICE) MAX P_PRICE
FROM PRODUCT; 256.99

SELECT MIN(P_PRICE) MIN P_PRICE

FROM PRODUCT; 4.99

SELECT P_CODE, P_DESCRIPT, P_PRICE

FROM PRODUCT
WHERE P_PRICE = (SELECT
MAX(P_PRICE) FROM PRODUCT);

P_CODE P_DESCRIPT P_PRICE

Hi-cut chain saw,
09-WRE-Q 256.99
16 in.
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Example of SUM and AVG Functions
 SUM
SELECT SUM(P_ONHAND*P_PRICE)
FROM PRODUCT;

 AVG
SELECT P_DESCRIPT, P_ONHAND, P_PRICE,
V_CODE
FROM PRODUCT WHERE
P_PRICE > (SELECT AVG(P_PRICE) FROM
PRODUCT)
ORDER BY P_PRICE DESC;

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Example Output of AVG Function

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Grouping Data
 Frequency distributions created by GROUP BY
clause within SELECT statement
 Syntax:
SELECT columnlist
FROM tablelist
[WHERE conditionlist]
[GROUP BY columnlist]
[HAVING conditionlist]
[ORDER BY columnlist [ASC | DESC] ] ;

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Incorrect and Correct Use of the GROUP BY
clause

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 Example output of GROUP BY clause
 GROUP BY
SELECT P_SALECODE, MIN(P_PRICE)
FROM PRODUCT
GROUP BY P_SALECODE;

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An Application of the HAVING Clause

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Nested Query
 Nested query: sub query or inner query in
another SQL query
 Must enclose with parentheses
 During comparison, you can only SELECT one
column
 No ORDER BY in subquery, but GROUP BY can
be used in sub query and it performs the
function like ORDER BY
 For e.g.:
 SELECT V_CODE, V_NAME, P_CODE,
P_DESCRIPT, P_PRICE FROM PRODUCT WHERE
 P_PRICE = (SELECT MAX(P_PRICE) FROM
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PRODUCT);
Joining Database Tables
 Joining tables is the most important distinction
between relational database and other DBs
 Join is performed when data are retrieved
from more than one table at a time
 Equality comparison between foreign key and
primary key of related tables
 Join tables by listing tables in FROM clause of
SELECT statement
 DBMS creates Cartesian product of every table

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Joining Database Tables
SELECT PRODUCT.P_DESCRIPT,
PRODUCT.P_PRICE, VENDOR.V_NAME,
VENDOR.V_CONTACT, VENDOR.V_AREACODE,
VENDOR.V_PHONE
FROM PRODUCT, VENDOR
WHERE PRODUCT.V_CODE =
VENDOR.V_CODE;

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The Results of a JOIN

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Joining Database Tables
 SELECT P_DESCRIPT, P_PRICE, V_NAME,
V_CONTACT, V_AREACODE, V_PHONE
FROM PRODUCT, VENDOR
WHERE PRODUCT.V_CODE = VENDOR.V_CODE
AND P_INDATE > ‘1999-08-15’;

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Joining Tables with an Alias
 Alias identifies the source table from which
data are taken
 Alias can be used to identify source table
 Any legal table name can be used as alias
 Add alias after table name in FROM clause
 FROM tablename alias
 Example:
SELECT P_DESCRIPT, P_PRICE, V_NAME,
V_CONTACT, V_AREACODE, V_PHONE
FROM PRODUCT P, VENDOR V
WHERE P.V_CODE = V.V_CODE
ORDER BY P_PRICE;
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Joining Tables with an Alias
 Alias is especially useful when a table must be
joined to itself
 Recursive query
 Use aliases to differentiate the table from itself
 Two types of outer join
 Left outer join
 Right outer join

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When Writing SQL
 Know the purpose/output (and you will know
what SQL to use here)
 If relate to database and table structure: DDL
 If relate to manipulate and change the content of
tables: DML
 To add: INSERT
 To modify: UPDATE
 To display or list: SELECT
 To delete or remove: DELETE
 Identify the involve tables (ERD is extremely
useful)
 Identify the PK and FK that link the involve
tables
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 Identify the condition
SQL – Serve the Purpose
 Purpose 1: List the number of invoice for each
customer in year 2018
 Output (something like this):
Customer Invoice
Jimmy Choo 5
Janet Clark 15
 Involve which tables? Invoice & Customer
 These tables are linked
 CUSTOMER.CUS_CODE = INVOICE.CUS_CODE
 What and how to retrieve?
 What to select: first name, last name and customer
code
 Number of invoice: COUNT(INV_NUMBER)
 Invoice for each customer: use GROUP BY, group the
27 invoice number according to customer.
SQL – Serve the Purpose (cont)
 The condition is year 2018, I can retrieve from
INV_DATE
 INV_DATE BETWEEN ‘2018-01-01’ and ‘2018-12-31’ or
 YEAR(INV_DATE) = 2018
 A complete SQL:
 SELECT c.CUS_CODE, CUS_LNAME, CUS_FNAME,
COUNT(INV_NUMBER) AS ‘Total_Invoice’ FROM
CUSTOMER as C, INVOICE as inv WHERE
 c.CUS_CODE = inv.CUS_CODE AND
 INV_DATE BETWEEN ‘2018-01-01’ and ‘2018-12-
31’
 GROUP BY c.CUS_CODE, CUS_LNAME, CUS_FNAME;

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SQL – Serve the Purpose (cont)
 To make the display result better, sorting is
one of the good option:
 SELECT c.CUS_CODE, CUS_LNAME, CUS_FNAME,
COUNT(INV_NUMBER) FROM CUSTOMER as C,
INVOICE as inv WHERE
 c.CUS_CODE = inv.CUS_CODE AND
 INV_DATE BETWEEN ‘2018-01-01’ and ‘2018-12-
31’
 GROUP BY c.CUS_CODE, CUS_LNAME, CUS_FNAME
 ORDER BY CUS_FNAME;

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SQL – Serve the Purpose (cont)
 In case someone just want to see result with
invoice number more than 2:
 SELECT c.CUS_CODE, CUS_LNAME, CUS_FNAME,
COUNT(INV_NUMBER) FROM CUSTOMER as C,
INVOICE as inv WHERE
 c.CUS_CODE = inv.CUS_CODE AND
 INV_DATE BETWEEN ‘2018-01-01’ and ‘2018-12-
31’
 GROUP BY c.CUS_CODE, CUS_LNAME, CUS_FNAME
 HAVING COUNT(INV_NUMBER) > 2
 ORDER BY CUS_FNAME;

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SQL – Serve the Purpose (cont)
 Purpose 2: List the total sold out quantity of
each product in June 2019.
 Sample output
Product Quantity
B&D jigsaw, 12- 3
in, blade
Claw hammer 35

 Involve tables: LINE, PRODUCT (as P), INVOICE (as

INV)
 LINE.P_CODE = P.P_CODE
 INV.INV_NUMBER=LINE.INV_NUMBER

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SQL – Serve the Purpose (cont)
 What and how to retrieve
 List: SELECT P_CODE, P_DESCRIPT, SUM(LINE_UNITS)
 Total sold out quantity: SUM(LINE_UNITS)
 By product: GROUP BY P_DESCRIPT
 June 2019: (INV_DATE BETWEEN ‘2019-06-01’ AND
‘2019-06-30’) or (MONTH(INV_DATE)= 6 AND
YEAR(INV_DATE)=2019)
 A complete SQL
 SELECT P_CODE, P_DESCRIPT, SUM(LINE_UNITS)
 FROM LINE, PRODUCT as P, INVOICE as INV
 WHERE LINE.P_CODE = P.P_CODE AND
 INV.INV_NUMBER=LINE.INV_NUMBER AND
 MONTH(INV_DATE)= 6 AND YEAR(INV_DATE) =
32 2019
SQL – Serve the Purpose (cont)
 Modify purpose 2: List the total sold out
quantity of each product by month from
January to June 2019.
Month Product Quantity
 Sample output
January B&D jigsaw, 12- 3
in, blade
February Claw hammer 35

 Complete SQL
 SELECT MONTHNAME(INV_DATE), P_CODE, P_DESCRIPT,
SUM(LINE_UNITS)
 FROM LINE, PRODUCT as P, INVOICE as INV
 WHERE LINE.P_CODE = P.P_CODE AND
 INV.INV_NUMBER=LINE.INV_NUMBER AND
 INV_DATE BETWEEN ‘2019-01-01’ AND ‘2019-06-30’
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 GROUP BY P_DESCRIPT, MONTHNAME(INV_DATE);
Virtual Tables: Creating a View
 View is virtual table based on SELECT query
 Create view by using CREATE VIEW command
 Special characteristics of relational view:
 Name of view can be used anywhere a table name
is expected
 View dynamically updated
 Restricts users to only specified columns and rows
 Views may be used as basis for reports

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Creating a View

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 Procedural SQL
 SQL shortcomings
 Doesn’t support execution of stored procedures based
on logical condition
 Fails to support looping operations
 Solutions
 Procedural SQL (PL/SQL) stored within the database,
executed by DBMS, and invoked by the end user

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Procedural SQL (con’t.)
 Procedural SQL allows the use of procedural
code and SQL statements that are stored
within the database.
 The procedural code is executed by the
DBMS when it is invoked by the end user.
 End users can use procedural SQL (PL/SQL)
to create:
 Triggers
 Stored procedures
 PL/SQL functions
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Triggers
 Procedural SQL code invoked before or
after data row is deleted, inserted, or
updated
 Associated within the table
 Table may have multiple triggers
 Can update values, insert records, and call
procedures
 Add processing power

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Triggers (con’t.)
 DB2 example

CREATE TRIGGER <trigger_name>

[NO CASCADE BEFORE/AFTER]
[DELETE/INSERT/UPDATE OF <column_name>]
ON <table_name>
[FOR EACH ROW MODE DB2SQL]
BEGIN
PL/SQL instructions;

……………
END;

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Example of Trigger

Figure: Product table

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Example of Trigger (con’t)
CREATE TRIGGER TRG_PRODUCT_REORDER
AFTER UPDATE OF p_onhand, p_min ON product
FOR EACH ROW MODE DB2SQL
UPDATE product SET p_reorder =1
WHERE (p_onhand <= p_min);

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Another trigger example (con’t)

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Another trigger example (con’t)
 One small database has three tables which are PRODUCT, ORDER
and ORDERCONTENT
 The following trigger will sum up and update the TotalAmount for
that particular order when a new product is added to the order in the
ORDERCONTENT table

CREATE TRIGGER SumTotal

AFTER INSERT ON ORDERCONTENT
REFERENCING NEW AS N
FOR EACH ROW MODE DB2SQL
BEGIN ATOMIC
UPDATE ORDER SET TotalAmount =
(SELECT SUM(UnitPrice * Quantity)
FROM ORDERCONTENT, PRODUCT
WHERE PRODUCT.ProdNum = ORDERCONTEN.ProdNum AND
ORDERCONTENT.OrderNum = N.OrderNum)
WHERE OrderNum = N.OrderNum;
END
• Use BEGIN ATOMIC … END when trigger contains multiple SQL
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statements
Example of MySQL Trigger
CREATE TRIGGER InventoryUpdate
AFTER INSERT ON invoice
FOR EACH ROW
AFTER/BEFORE INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE : this
BEGIN command is to tell the system when trigger
UPDATE inventory should run

SET qty = qty – new.prod_qty

WHERE p_id = (SELECT prod_id FROM invoice
WHERE inv_no = new.inv_no AND prod_id =
Actions that
new.prod_id);
trigger must
END perform when it
is called.

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Restriction of Triggers (MySQL)
 BEFORE UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE
 Can update the NEW values
 Cannot update the OLD values
 AFTER UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE
 Cannot create AFTER UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE on the VIEW
 Can access the NEW and OLD values
 Cannot update the NEW and OLD values
 For INSERT trigger, only NEW.col_name can be used
 For DELETE trigger, only OLD.col_name can be used
 For UPDATE trigger, OLD.col_name refer to the
columns of a row before it is updated; NEW.col_name
refers to the columns of the row after it is update

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 Stored Procedures
 Named collection of procedural and SQL
statements stored in database
 For multiple-update transaction
 Executed as unit
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE procedure_name (argument
IN/OUT data-type, etc)
IS/AS BEGIN
DECLARE variable name and data type
PL/SQL or SQL statements;
END;

 Invoked with EXEC

EXEC store_procedure_name (parameter1, parameter2, …)
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Stored Procedures
 Advantages
 Substantially reduce network traffic and increase
performance
 No transmission of individual SQL statements over
network
 Improve system performance as all transactions are
executed locally on the RDBMS
 Help reduce code duplication by means of code
isolation and code sharing
 Minimize cost of application development and
maintenance

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 Example Of DB2 Store Procedure
CREATE PROCEDURE UPDATE_SALARY_IF
(IN employee_number CHAR(6), IN rating SMALLINT)
LANGUAGE SQL
BEGIN
DECLARE not_found CONDITION FOR SQLSTATE '20000';
DECLARE EXIT HANDLER FOR not_found
SIGNAL SQLSTATE '20000' ('Employee not found‘);

IF (rating = 1)
THEN UPDATE employee
SET salary = salary * 1.10, bonus = 1000
WHERE empno = employee_number;
ELSEIF (rating = 2)
THEN UPDATE employee
SET salary = salary * 1.05, bonus = 500
WHERE empno = employee_number;
ELSE UPDATE employee
SET salary = salary * 1.03, bonus = 0
WHERE empno = employee_number;
END IF;
END
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 Example Of MySQL Store Procedure
CREATE PROCEDURE inventoryupdate(IN pno INT (4), IN Q
INT)
BEGIN
UPDATE inventory
SET qty = qty + Q;
WHERE p_id = pno;
END;

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PL/SQL Functions
 Scalar functions operate on a single value to
return another single value.
 For example:
 ABS(-10) returns the absolute value of –10, i.e.
10
 LENGTH(‘Shirley’) returns the number of bytes in
the string, i.e., 7
 YEAR(’03/20/2008’) extracts the year portion,
i.e., 2008
 UCASE(‘shirley’) or UPPER(‘shirley’) returns a
string which have been converted to uppercase,
i.e., SHIRLEY
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PL/SQL Functions
 User-defined function: Named group of
procedural and SQL statements that
returns a value
CREATE FUNCTION function_name (argument IN
data-type, etc)
RETURN data-type
AS BEGIN
PL/SQL statements;
RETURN (value); ……
END;

 Invoked from within stored procedures or

triggers or simply issue SELECT command
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Example of DB2 Functions
CREATE FUNCTION job_designation (job varchar(15))
RETURN TABLE (
empID int,
empFName varchar(20),
empLName varchar(20)
)
LANGUAGE SQL
READS SQL DATA
NO EXTERNAL ACTION
DETERMINISTRIC
RETURN
SELECT emp_no, firstname, lastname
FROM employee
WHERE employee.job = job_designation.job;

To query the new table function, simply issue:

SELECT * from TABLE(job_designation(‘MANAGER’)) AS
Manager;
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 Example of MySQL Functions
Function
name
CREATE FUNCTION totalPaidByCust(custID INT)
State returns DECIMAL (5,2)
Data type
return BEGIN parameter
value DECLARE totalSales DECIMAL (5,2);
type SELECT SUM (payment.amount) INTO totalSales
FROM Payment
Body WHERE Payment.customerID = custID;
RETURN totalSales;
END;

To query the new table function, simply issue:

SELECT totalPaidByCust(3);
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Other
 Advanced Command (MySQL)
IF/ELSE
IF condition THEN
statements
ELSEIF condition THEN
statements
ELSE
statements;
END IF;

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Other advanced command (con’t)
DELIMITER //
 Example:
CREATE FUNCTION IncomeLevel ( monthly_value INT )
RETURNS varchar(20)

BEGIN

DECLARE income_level varchar(20);

IF monthly_value <= 4000 THEN

SET income_level = 'Low Income';

ELSEIF monthly_value > 4000 AND monthly_value <=

7000 THEN
SET income_level = 'Avg Income';

ELSE
SET income_level = 'High Income';

END IF;
RETURN income_level;

END; //

55 DELIMITER ;
Other advanced command (con’t)
Case
CASE case_expression
WHEN condition_1 THEN statements
WHEN condition_2 THEN statements
...
ELSE statements
END CASE;

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Other advanced command (con’t)
 Example CREATE FUNCTION IncomeLevel ( monthly_value
INT )
RETURNS varchar(20)

BEGIN

DECLARE income_level varchar(20);

CASE monthly_value
WHEN 4000 THEN
SET income_level = 'Low Income';

WHEN 5000 THEN

SET income_level = 'Avg Income';

ELSE
SET income_level = 'High Income';
END CASE;

RETURN income_level;

END; //

57 DELIMITER ;
Other
 Loop advanced command (con’t)

WHILE expression DO
statements
END WHILE

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Other advanced command (con’t)
DELIMITER //
 Example:
DELIMITER $$
DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS test_mysql_while_loop$$
CREATE PROCEDURE test_mysql_while_loop()
BEGIN
DECLARE x INT;
DECLARE str VARCHAR(255);

SET x = 1;
SET str = '';

WHILE x <= 5 DO
SET str = CONCAT(str,x,',');
SET x = x + 1;
END WHILE;

SELECT str;
END$$
DELIMITER ;

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Embedded SQL
 Key differences between SQL and
procedural languages:
 Run-time mismatch
 SQL is executed one instruction at a time
 Host language typically runs at client side in its
own memory space
 Processing mismatch
 Host language processes one data element at a time
 Data type mismatch

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Embedded SQL (cont’d.)
 Embedded SQL framework defines:
 Standard syntax to identify embedded SQL code
within host language
 Standard syntax to identify host variables
 Communication area exchanges status and error
information between SQL and host language

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62
Embedded SQL (cont’d.)
Static SQL Dynamic SQL
• Embedded SQL in which • SQL statement is not
programmer uses known in advance, but
predefined SQL instead is generated at run
statements and time
parameters • Program can generate SQL
End users of programs statements at run time that
are limited to actions are required to respond to
that were specified in ad hoc queries
application programs • Attribute list and condition
• SQL statements will not are not known until end
change while application is user specifies them
running • Tends to be much slower
than static SQL
• Requires more computer
resources
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Example of Dynamic SQL

Figure source: https://www.guru99.com/dynamic-sql-pl-sql.html

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