MEMORY

SAFA
ARCHITECTURE OF MEMORY

• The Atkinson-Shiffrin model, also referred to as the multi-store approach, describes the
basic architecture of the memory system and has dominated the conceptualization and
study of memory for many years.
• This model postulates that the structure of human memory is divided into three
distinct storage systems each with different properties that interact in the processing
of information.
• Memory is comprised of the following subparts:·
1. Sensory Memory/Store — representations of the physical features of a stimulus are
stored for a very brief time (one second or less).
2. Short-Term Memory — immediate memory for stimuli that have just been perceived
with limited capacity for the number of items held and the duration.
3. Long-Term Memory — information is represented on a permanent or near-permanent
basis that is durable and has no known limit
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 WORKING MEMORY

• Alan Baddley's Baddley's working memory Often used as synonym for short term
memory.
• Baddeley's working memory model was an active three-part memory system that
temporarily holds information and consists of a phonological loop, visuospatial working
memory, and the central executive. Later episodic buffer was added.
• Phonological loop- stores information about language sounds with an acoustic code from
sensory memory and a rehearsal function that helps to repeat words in the loop.
• Visuospatial sketchpad- stores visual and spatial information from sensory memory,
including imagery, or mental pictures.
• Central executive- integrates information from the phonological loop, visuospatial
working memory, and long-term memory as old and new information is associated, solve
problems, and perform other cognitive tasks.
• Episodic buffer- temporary store that integrates information from the other components
and maintains a sense of time. 3
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LEVEL OF PROCESSING

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Levels-of-processing theory:
 According to Craik and Lockhart (1972), structural, phonemic, and semantic encoding-which can
be elicited by questions such as those shown on the right-involve progressively deeper levels of
processing.
 The Levels of Processing (LOP) theory was proposed by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart in 1972.
It suggests that memory retention depends on the depth at which information is processed rather
than on the stage of memory (short-term or long-term). The theory moves away from the
traditional multi-store model of memory and focuses on how deeply we engage with the material.
 There are three levels of processing:

1. Shallow Processing : Involves encoding information on a basic level, focusing on surface features
like structure or appearance (e.g., noticing the shape or color of a word).
Example: Noticing whether a word is written in capital letters or lowercase
2. Intermediate Processing : Focuses on the sound of the information, such as phonemic
processing. Example: Thinking about how a word sounds.
3. 3. Deep Processing : Involves a deeper analysis of the meaning of the information.
Example: Thinking about the meaning of a word, its significance, and its relation to other
concepts.

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 REMEMBERING
 The process of consciously reviving or bringing to awareness previous events,
experiences, or information.

Remembering also involves the process of retaining such material, which is essential
to learning, since without it one would not profit from training, practice, or past
experience.
 According to Endel Tulving, remembering is distinct from knowing procedure. A
procedure in which various memory tasks (e.g., recall, free recall) are used to
measure and assess two different ways of accessing events from one’s past—
episodic memory and semantic memory.
 Episodic memory is the conscious and vivid recollection of a prior event such that
a person can mentally travel to the specific time and place of the original event
and retrieve the details

• They are able to bring to mind a particular association, image, or sensory

impression from the time of the event.
 Semantic memory refers to the experience in which a person is certain that an
event occurred but fails to recall anything about its actual occurrence or what was
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experienced at the time of its occurrence.
 Methods of assessing remembering include the recall method, recognition
method, and savings method.
 RECALL METHOD:

• A technique of evaluating memory in terms of the amount of learned

material that can be correctly reproduced, as in an essay exam or in
reproducing a list of words.
• Also called recall test.
 RECOGNITION METHOD:

• A technique of measuring the amount of material learned or remembered by

testing a person’s ability to later identify the content as having been
encountered.
• Also called recognition test.
 SAVING METHOD:

• A way of measuring quantitatively, without relying on an individual’s

conscious memory, how much learned material
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is retained.
Robert, D. L. (2021, August 2). The Architecture of Memory: The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model.
PsychPstuff.

Restrived fromhttps://medium.com/psych-pstuff/the-architecture-of-memory-the-
atkinson-shiffin-modelcf746d8ed73b#:~:text=Short%2Dterm%20memories%20are
%20biologically,require%20the%20hippocampus%20for%20formation.&text=Long
%2Dterm%20memories%20are%20stored,to%20reach%20long%2Dterm%20storage

Themes and variations by Wayne weiton

https://dictionary.apa.org/remembering

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THANK YOU
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