Analysis

Analysis of
of the
the
English
English Word
Word and
and
Sentence
Sentence
Structure
Structure
 Objectives

1. Recognize different types of

morphemes and their functions
2. State the form, meaning and rules
of combination for the morphemes
3. Analyze the internal structure of
English words in order to know their
formations and meanings.
4. Specify each unit within words
correctly.
Warm Up
What are you
thinking?
Doubt is often the
beginning
of wisdom.
Morphology
 Morphology

• Morph (form) + ology (science of)

• -- > Morphology (the science of
word forms)
• The study of the internal structure
of words, and
• The rules by which words are
formed
 Morphemes
• Look at the following words
• Likely unlikely developed
undeveloped
• un- is a prefix means No.
• -ly in ‘likely’ is a adverbial suffix.
• -ed in ‘developed’ is a suffix
morpheme.
 What is
morpheme?
 What is morpheme?
• Dictionary:

• Morpheme
• (môr'fēm')
• n.
• A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a
word, such as man, or a word element, such
as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into
smaller meaningful parts.
• morphemic mor·phem'ic adj.
• morphemically mor·phem'i·cal·ly adv.

http://www.answers.com/topic/
morpheme
 What is morpheme?
• Definitions:

A morpheme is the minimal unit of

meaning.
• Example:
un+system+atic+al+ly
• Note: morphemes ≠ words
Examples of Morphemes
• One morpheme boy (one syllable)
desire, lady, water (two
syllables)
crocodile (three syllables)
salamander (four syllables),
or more syllables
• Two morpheme boy + ish
desire + able
• Three morpheme boy + ish + ness
desire + able + ity
• Four morpheme gentle + man + li + ness
un + desire + able + ity
• More than four un + gentle + man + li +
ness
anti + dis + establish + ment
+ ari + an + ism
 In all languages, discrete linguistic
units combine in rule-governed ways
to form larger units

• Sound units combine to form

morphemes,
• morphemes combine to form words
• words combine to form phrases
• phrases combine to form sentences
 What is the
relationship
between
morphemes and
words?
What is the relationship
between morphemes and
words?
• Humans can understand words that
have never been heard before
• Humans can also create new words
• For example, a writable CD
a rewritable CD
an unrewritable CD
How many types
of morphemes are
there?
• Bound morphemes
• Free morphemes
• Root morphemes
• Stem morphemes
• Derivational morphemes
• Inflectional morphemes
• Affixes: prefixes and
suffixes
• Grammatical morphemes
 Classification of some (Engl
ish) morphemes
(English) Morphemes

Bound Free

Affix Root Open Class Closed Class

Derivational Inflectional

Prefix Suffix Suffix gruntle

Nouns (girl) Determiners(the,a(n))

pre - -ly -ing -en mit Verbs (kick)

Conjunctions (and)

un- -ist -er -est fer

Adjectives (happy) Prepositions (of ,in )
con-
-ment -ed Adverbs (quickly)
Pronouns (I, he, you )

Auxiliary Verbs (is)

 Bound morphemes
• Bound morphemes (affixes) must
be attached to the word.
• They are prefixes, infixes, suffixes
and circumfixes.
• Such as {clude} as in include,
exclude, preclude) or they may be
grammatical (such as {PLU} =
plural as in boys, girls, and cats).
 Free morphemes

• Free morphemes are those that

can stand alone as words.

• Example: girl, system, desire,

hope, act, phone, happy
 Root morphemes
• A root is a morpheme that cannot
be analyzed into smaller parts.
• Example: cran (as in cranberry), act,
beauty, system, etc..
• Free Root Morpheme: run, bottle,
phone, etc.
• Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit,
uncounted, uncouth, nonchalant, etc.
 Stem morphemes

• A stem is formed when a root

morpheme is combined with an
affix.
• Other affixes can be added to a
stem to form a more complex
stem.
 Example of word
formation

• Root believe (verb)

• Stem believe + able (verb +
suffix)
• Word un + believe + able
(prefix +verb + suffix)
 Example of word
formation

• Root system
• Stem system + atic
• Stem un + system + atic
• Stem un + system + atic + al
• Word un + system + atic + al +
ly
Derivational morphemes
• Root + Derivational Morpheme --> a
new word with a new meaning.
(usually changes grammatical class)
• Noun + Derivational Morpheme -->
Adj. Ex. Boy + ish,
• Verb + Derivational Morpheme -->
Noun Ex. Acquit + al, clear +
ance
• Adj. + Derivational Morpheme -->
Adverb Ex. Exact + ly, quiet + ly
 Inflectional
morphemes
• Inflectional morphemes have
grammatical meaning or function in
the sentence.
• They never change part of speech.
• For example,
• Bound Morpheme : E.g. ‘to’ in
connection with a verb (‘ an
infinitive with to’)
• Bound Morphemes: Ex. –s, -ed
• He sails the ocean blue.
• He sailed the ocean blue.
 Eight English Inflectional
Morphemes
• -s third- • She waits at home.
person singular
present
• -ed past tense
• She waited at home.
• -ing progressive
• She is eating the
• -en past donuts.
participle • Mary has eaten the
• -s plural donuts.
• -’s possessive • She ate the donuts.
• -er • Lisa’s hair is short.
comparative • Lisa has shorter hair
• -est superlative
 The major differences
between derivational and
inflectional morphology
Derivational Inflectional
further
closer to
position from
stem
stem
addable not in
yes
on to? English
changes
yes no
stem?
productiv (usually)
(often) no
e? yes
(often)
meaning? unpredicta predictable
ble
 Affixes: prefixes and
suffixes

• Affix: a morpheme that comes at the

beginning (prefix) or the ending
(suffix) of a base morpheme.
• Note: An affix usually is a morpheme
that cannot stand alone.
• Examples: -ful, -ly, -ity, -ness. A few
exceptions are able, like, and less.
 Affixes: prefixes and
suffixes
• Prefix: an affix that comes before
a base morpheme. The in in the
word inspect is a prefix.
• Suffix: an affix that comes after a
base morpheme. The s in cats is
a suffix.
 Affixes (prefix, suffix, infix
and circumfix) are all
bound morphemes.
Prefixes Suffixes Infixes Circumfixes
Bound Bound Bound Bound
morphemes morphemes morphemes morphemes
which occur which occur which are that are
only before following inserted into attached to a
other other other root or stem
morphemes. morphemes. morphemes. morpheme
both initially
Examples: Examples: Example: and finally.
un- (uncover, -er (singer, Fikas
undo) performer) "strong" Example:
dis- -ist (typist, fumikas "to chokma "he
(displeased, pianist) be strong" is good"
disconnect), -ly (manly, ik + chokm +
pre- friendly) o "he isn?t?
(predetermin (Bontoc good"
e, prejudge) Language)

(Chickasaw
Language)
Grammatical morphemes

• What is the difference in meaning

between apple and apples?
• What is the difference in form?
• What does this tell you about
these two words?
Grammatical morphemes
• Words can have an internal structure
much like the syntax of phrases.
• Morphemes such as the, -s, and re- near
the grammatical end of the continuum
are called grammatical morphemes.
• Note that grammatical morphemes
include forms that we can consider to be
words like the, a, and, and of and others
that make up parts of words like –s and -
ed.
• Examples.
pencils walked
What are the
differences
between each
type
of morphemes?
 What is the
function of each
type of
morphemes?
 What is the
relationship
among each type
of morphemes?
What is the difference
between
content/lexical words
and
function/grammatical
words?
 Content Words
• Content words denote concepts
such as subjects, actions, and
ideas (noun, verb, adjective,
adverb)
• Content words are open class
words (new words can be added)
• Example of new words :
Steganography (the art of hiding
information in electronic text)
 Function Words

• Function words express Grammatical

Functions (e.g., preposition, article,
conjunctions, pronouns)
• Function words connect the content
words to the larger grammatical
context.
• Functions words are also called
‘closed class’ words (no new words are
added to this class.)
Exercise
“I know you can do it”
"First say to yourself
what you would be,
and then do what
you have to do."
How are English
words formed?
Different types of words
from different
formations.
• Derived words
Derived words
• Lexical gaps
• Compounds: also how to
differentiate compounds from noun
phrases
• Acronyms
• Back formations
• Abbreviations/Truncation/Clipping
• Eponyms
• Blends
 Derived words
= new words with new meanings
formed from
root + derivational morpheme
e.g. ir+regular = irrigular
 Lexical Gaps
• Well-formed but nonexisting word
• Reason: a permissible sequence has
no meaning attached to it <like
“blick” or “slarm” or “krobe”>
• Possible comniations of morpheme
never come into use (Ex.
“disobvious” ,“linguisticism”)
• Word like *bnick is not a lexical gaps
in English because English does not
allow the sequence of ‘bn’
 Compounds
• Word + word = compound word
(meaning may or may not change)
• When the two word are in the same
grammatical category, compound
will be in this category.
• E.g. Home(n.) + Work(n.)=
homework (noun)
• Pick (v.) + pocket (n.)= pickpocket
(noun)
• Compounds can be more than two
words:
• Two-word compounds are the most
common in English.
• Three – word compounds: three-time
loser
• Four– word compounds: four-
dimensional space-time
 Compounds have internal
structure
N. N.

N. N. Adj. N.

Adj. N. top N.
rack N.

top hat hat

rack
• Rack
• top hat

• Hat rack
• top
Meaning of compounds
• Same meaning as the parts : a
boathouse = (a house for boats
)
• New meaning but relates to the
meaning of the individual parts :
• a blackboard (can be in other colors,
not just black)
• a Redcoat (slang for British soldier
during American Revolutionary War)
 For example

(turdus mer
ula)
black bir blackbir
d d
 For example

hot dog hotdog

 For example

(Giant Sequ
oia)
red wood redwood
 Acronyms
• Acronyms are words derived from
the initials of several words
• NASA <National Aeronautics and
Space Agency>
• UNESCO <United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization>
 Back formations
• A new word may enter the
language because of an incorrect
morphological analysis.
• Example, peddle was derived
from peddler on the mistaken
assumption that the – er was a
suffix.
• stoke --> stoker
• edit --> editor
 Abbreviations
• Abbreviations of longer words or
phrases can become lexicalized
• Fax <facsimile>
• Telly (The British word for
‘television’)
 Eponyms

• Eponyms are word form proper

names.

• Example: sandwich, robot, jumbo

 Blends
• Similar to compounds but parts of
the words that are combined are
deleted.

• Example: smog <from ‘smoke +

fog’>, motel <from ‘motor +
hotel’>
The hierarchical structure of
words represented by the
tree diagram

• A word is not a simple sequence

of morphemes.
• It has an internal structure as
shown in the following tree
diagram:
 Tree diagrams
N.

Adj. ness
Morphological
un Adj. Rules
1. un + happy -->
happy Adj.
2. adj. + ness -->
N.
Other terms according to
word formation:
• Rule productivity
• Universality of compounding

• Suppletive Exception

• Expletive

• Allomorphs

• Default/elsewhere

• Homophonous morphemes

• Reduplication
 Rule productivity
• Morphological Rules are Productive
because:
• They can be used freely to form
new words from the list of free and
bound morpheme.
• Some morphemes are more
productive than others.
• Productive morphemes: E.g. -able
or -er
• Not Productive morphemes: E.g. –
let (piglet)
 Universality of
compounding
• Universality compounding is a
common and frequent process for
enlarging the vocabulary of all
language.
• E.g. In Thai, the word ‘cat’ is mєєw,
‘watch’ is fân, and ‘house’ is bâan.
The word for ‘watch cat’ is the
compound mєєwfânbâan – literally,
‘catwatchhouse’
 Suppletive Exception

• Suppletive are treated

separately in the grammar, that
cannot use the regular rules of
inflectional morphology to add
affixes to word the exception.
• E.g. child --> children
woman --> women
 Allomorph
Different form of morphemes that
have the same meaning
e.g. ir_, il_, im_, in_ = not
_en, _ø = to make to become …
to brighten our mind
to brownø the garlic
 Zero morpheme/
default/elsewhere
A zero morpheme is a
morpheme, consisting of no
form, that is proposed in some
analyses as an allomorph of a
morpheme that is ordinarily
realized by a morph having
some phonetic form.
brown (adj) + Ø > brown (verb)
= "to make to become brown (er) "
dark (adj) + _en > darken (verb)
= “to make to become dark (er) ”
 Homophonous
morphemes

• Homophones: morphemes that

sound alike but have different
meanings and spellings.
• Examples: bear, bare; plain,
plane; cite, sight, site.
 Reduplication
base Reduplica gloss
• Reduplicatio
ted
n is the morp form
hological proc gí gigí ‘to be
ess by which a rusty
ll or part of a brown’
word is copied
ská skaská ‘to be
or duplicated
white’
• Some example
shá shashá ‘to be
s from Lakhot
a: red’
thó thothó ‘to be
blue or
Last Exercise

Good luck
A great person is an
ordinary person who
decides to do
the great thing.
 References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme
http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/
caneng/morpheme.htm
http://www.ling.udel.edu/arena/
morphology.html
http://everything2.com/index.pl?
node_id=1175304
http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/
caneng/morpheme.htm
http://introling.ynada.com/session-6-types-of-
morphemes
 References
http://campus.sou.edu/~nash/
morphology.html
http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/
Fall_1998/ ling001/morphology2.html
http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/Inflection/
morphemes.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-formation
http://bogglesworldesl.com/glossary/
grammaticalmorphemes.htm
 References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Expletive_infixation
http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/
rbeard/homepage.html