Object Oriented

Programming
Dr. Mujeeb Ur Rehman
[email protected]

Recommended Books:
1.C++ How to Program ( Deitel & Deitel );
2.Object-Oriented Software Engineering By Jacobson, Christerson,
Jonsson, Overgaard
Hazrat/Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal (R.A)
 Member Functions
► Member functions are the functions
that operate on the data encapsulated
in the class
► Public member functions are the
interface to the class
 Member Functions (contd.)
► Define member function inside the
class definition
OR
► Define member function outside the
class definition
 But they must be declared inside class
definition
 Function Inside Class Body
class ClassName {
…
public:
ReturnType FunctionName() {
…
}
};
 Example
►Define a class of student
that has a roll number. This
class should have a
function that can be used
to set the roll number
 Example
class Student{
int rollNo;
public:
void setRollNo(int aRollNo){
rollNo = aRollNo;
}
};
Function Outside Class Body
class ClassName{
…
public:
ReturnType FunctionName();
};
ReturnType ClassName::FunctionName()
{
… Scope resolution
} operator
 Example
class Student{
…
int rollNo;
public:
void setRollNo(int aRollNo);
};
void Student::setRollNo(int aRollNo){
…
rollNo = aRollNo;
}
 Inline Functions
► Instead of calling an inline function
compiler replaces the code at the
function call point
► Keyword ‘inline’ is used to request
compiler to make a function inline
► It is a request and not a command
 Example
inline int Area(int len, int hi)
{
return len * hi;
}
int main()
{
cout << Area(10,20);
}
 Inline Functions
► Ifwe define the function inside the
class body then the function is by
default an inline function
► In case function is defined outside the
class body then we must use the
keyword ‘inline’ to make a function
inline
 Example
class Student{
int rollNo;
public:
void setRollNo(int aRollNo){
…
rollNo = aRollNo;
}
};
 Example
class Student{
…
public:
inline void setRollNo(int aRollNo);
};
void Student::setRollNo(int aRollNo){
…
rollNo = aRollNo;
}
 Example
class Student{
…
public:
void setRollNo(int aRollNo);
};
inline void Student::setRollNo(int
aRollNo){
…
rollNo = aRollNo;
}
 Example
class Student{
…
public:
inline void setRollNo(int aRollNo);
};
inline void Student::setRollNo(int
aRollNo){
…
rollNo = aRollNo;
}
Constructor
 Constructor
► Constructor is used to initialize the
objects of a class
► Constructor is used to ensure that
object is in well defined state at the
time of creation
► Constructor is automatically called
when the object is created
► Constructor are not usually called
explicitly
 Constructor (contd.)
► Constructor is a special function
having same name as the class name
► Constructor does not have return type
► Constructors are commonly public
members
 Example
class Student{
…
public:
Student(){
rollNo = 0;
…
}
};
 Example
int main()
{
Student aStudent;
/*constructor is implicitly
called at this point*/
}
 Default Constructor
► Constructor without any argument is
called default constructor
► If we do not define a default
constructor the compiler will generate
a default constructor
► This compiler generated default
constructor initialize the data
members to their default values
 Example
class Student
{
int rollNo;
char *name;
float GPA;
public:
… //no constructors
};
 Example
Compiler generated default
constructor
{
rollNo = 0;
GPA = 0.0;
name = NULL;
}
 Constructor Overloading
► Constructorscan have parameters
► These parameters are used to initialize
the data members with user supplied
data
 Example
class Student{
…
public:
Student();
Student(char * aName);
Student(char * aName, int aRollNo);
Student(int aRollNo, int aRollNo,
float aGPA);
};
 Example
Student::Student(int aRollNo,
char * aName){
if(aRollNo < 0){
rollNo = 0;
}
else {
rollNo = aRollNo;
}
…
}
 Example
int main()
{
Student student1;
Student student2(“Name”);
Student student3(”Name”, 1);
Student student4(”Name”,1,4.0);
}
 Constructor Overloading
► Usedefault parameter value to reduce
the writing effort
 Example
Student::Student( char * aName = NULL,
int aRollNo= 0,
float aGPA = 0.0){
…
}
Is equivalent to
Student();
Student(char * aName);
Student(char * aName, int aRollNo);
Student(char * Name, int aRollNo, float
aGPA);
 Copy Constructor
► Copy constructor are used when:
 Initializing an object at the time of
creation (we want to create an object
with state of a pre existing object)
 When an object is passed by value to a
function
 Example
void func1(Student student){
…
}
int main(){
Student studentA;
Student studentB = studentA;
func1(studentA);
}
 Copy Constructor (Syntax)
Student::Student(
const Student &obj){
rollNo = obj.rollNo;
name = obj.name;
GPA = obj.GPA;
}
 Shallow Copy
► When we initialize one object with
another then the compiler copies state
of one object to the other
► This kind of copying is called shallow
copying
 Example

Student studentA;
Student studentB = studentA;

studentA Memory
studentB
Name A
Name
RollNo H
RollNo
GPA M GPA
A
D
…
 Deep Copy Constructor
(contd.)
Student::Student(
const Student & obj){
int len = strlen(obj.name);
name = new char[len+1]
strcpy(name, obj.name);
…
//copy rest of the data members
}
 Copy Constructor (contd.)
► Copy constructor is normally used to
perform deep copy
► If we do not make a copy constructor
then the compiler performs shallow
copy
 Example : Deep Copy
Memory A
Student studentA; A Name
Student studentB = studentA; H RollNo
M GPA
A
D B
A Name
H RollNo
M GPA
A
D
 Homework Reading
Assignment
► https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/
shallow-copy-and-deep-copy-in-c/