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How and Why Are Organisms Classified? - What Tools Do We Use To Classify Organisms?

evolution

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14 views26 pages

How and Why Are Organisms Classified? - What Tools Do We Use To Classify Organisms?

evolution

Uploaded by

Kedir Mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit 7: Evolution &

Classification

•How and why are organisms classified?


•What tools do we use to classify organisms?
Classification
• All living things are classified into the
following categories:
– Kingdom; Phylum; Class; Order; Family;
GENUS; SPECIES
How can we remember that easier?
Kings Play Chess On Fat Girls Stomachs

• Taxonomy = branch of biology that deals w/


naming & classifying organisms.
• Why do we classify???
To make things easier to find and study
Early Classification
• First classification system
– Aristotle (Greek philosopher)
• >2000 years ago divided organisms into 2 groups
– 1. Plants
» classified by type of stem (grass, shrub, tree)
– 2. Animals
» divided by environment (land, water, or air)

According to Aristotle
which of these 3 animals
would be classified more
closely?
How Do We Classify?
• Based on work
of Carolus
Linnaeus
– “Father of
Modern
Taxonomy”
How Do We Classify?
• Current system reflects relationships based on
phylogeny (evolutionary ancestry)
– Uses homologies to group species into larger, more
generalized categories
– What does the word “homologies” mean?

Similarities
According to this phylogenetic tree,
what are humans most closely
related to?
Linnaeus’ System
• Binomial nomenclature: Two name system
that is unique to every type of organism

• “Bi” means?

Two!
Linnaeus’ System
– Names are Italicized or underlined

– written as Genus species


• Genus = 1st name, capitalized
• species = 2nd name, lower case &
descriptive
Linnaeus’ System
• All names are in Latin
• Why not common names?
Things can get confusing!

Examples of names
Common name Genus & species
1. Humans 1. Homo sapiens
2. Housefly 2. Musca domesticus
3. White Oak tree 3. Quercus alba
4. Red Oak tree 4. Quercus rubra
Levels of Classification
• Did  Domain Domain
Eukaryota

• King  Kingdom
• Phillip  Phylum
• Come  Class
• Over  Order
• From  Family
• Germany  Genus
• Sunday?  species
Where would Domain belong
in this diagram?
Levels of Classification
• What is the
relationship DOMAIN Eukaryota

among the levels?


– More closely
related  share
more levels

– From Domain
down each level
has a new set of
criteria that must
be shared
Once an organism shares a more specific
taxon it MUST share the more unifying taxa

How many levels of


classification do we
share with dolphins?
What is a species?
• Group of
organisms
capable of
mating with
one another
in nature to
produce
fertile
offspring
The 3 Domains
Domain: Archaea
• Prokaryotes
– Older, less complex group of bacteria
• live in extreme environments
– hydrothermal vents, salty or acidic environments
Domain: Eubacteria
• Prokaryotic
– Modern, more complex bacteria
• Evolved from Archaea
– Most common & very diverse, heterotrophic or
autotrophic, free-living or pathogenic

cyanobacteria

Staphylococcus
If Using the 5 Kingdom System
Instead of the 3 Domain System
• Eubacteria + Archaea Domains
together make up 1 of the 5 Kingdoms
 Monera
Domain: Eukaryota
• All are eukaryotic
– have a nucleus

• 4 of the 5 kingdoms
– 1. Protista
– 2. Fungi
– 3. Plantae
– 4. Animalia
Domain: Eukaryota
1. Kingdom Protista: mostly unicellular
organisms that are plant-like, animal-like,
or fungus-like

Amoeba

Euglena

Paramecium Diatoms
Domain: Eukaryota
2. Kingdom Fungi: all types of fungus
(mushrooms & molds)
– Multicellular heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin
( yeast – unicellular)
• Digest food outside the organism & then absorb
nutrients
Domain: Eukaryota
3. Kingdom Plantae: Multicellular
autotrophs with cells walls of cellulose
– Land-based plants, trees, grasses, moss,
and shrubs
• photosynthetic
Domain: Eukaryota
4. Kingdom Animalia: multicellular heterotrophs
without cell walls.
– divided into invertebrates and …………..
………. vertebrates

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