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Ethernet

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11 views43 pages

Ethernet

Uploaded by

kousalya
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ETHERNET

13.1
13-1 IEEE STANDARDS

In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started a


project, called Project 802, to set standards to enable
intercommunication among equipment from a variety
of manufacturers. Project 802 is a way of specifying
functions of the physical layer and the data link layer
of major LAN protocols.

Topics discussed in this section:


Data Link Layer
Physical Layer

13.2
Figure 13.1 IEEE standard for LANs

13.3
13-2 STANDARD ETHERNET

The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at Xerox’s


Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Since then, it has
gone through four generations.. We briefly discuss the
Standard (or traditional) Ethernet in this section.

Topics discussed in this section:


MAC Sublayer
Physical
Layer

13.4
Figure 13.3 Ethernet evolution through four generations

13.5
Figure 13.4 802.3 MAC frame

13.6
• Preamble- 7 bytes (56 bits) of alternating 0’s and 1’s that alerts the receiving
system to the coming frame and enables it to synchronize its input timing.
Start Frame Delimiter- 1 byte (10101011) signals the beginning of the frame.
The last 2 bits is 11 and alerts the receiver that the next field is the destination
address.
Destination Address(DA)- 6 bytes and contains physical address of the
destination station or stations to receive the packet.
Source Address(SA)- 6 bytes and contains physical address of the sender of the
packet.
Length or type- to define the number of bytes in the data field.
Data- carries data encapsulated from the upper layer protocols. It is a minimum
of 46 and a maximum of 1500 bytes.
CRC- contains error detection information.
Figure 13.5 Minimum and maximum lengths

13.8
Note

Frame length:
Minimum: 64 bytes (512 bits)
Maximum: 1518 bytes
(12,144 bits)

13.9
Figure 13.6 Example of an Ethernet address in hexadecimal notation

13.10
Figure 13.7 Unicast and multicast addresses

13.11
Note

The least significant bit of the first byte


defines the type of address.
If the bit is 0, the address is unicast;
otherwise, it is multicast.

13.12
Note

The broadcast destination address is a


special case of the multicast address in
which all bits are 1s.

13.13
Example 13.1
Define the type of the following destination addresses:
a 4A:30:10:21:10:1A b 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE
c. FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
Solution
To find the type of the address, we need to look at the
second hexadecimal digit from the left. If it is even, the
address is unicast. If it is odd, the address is multicast. If
all digits are F’s, the address is broadcast. Therefore,
we have the following:
a. This is a unicast address because A in binary is 1010.
b. This is a multicast address because 7 in binary is
0111.
c. This is a broadcast address because all digits are F’s.
13.14
Ethernet Cable
Figure 13.8 Categories of Standard Ethernet

13.16
Figure 13.9 Encoding in a Standard Ethernet implementation

13.17
Figure 13.10 10Base5 implementation

13.18
Figure 13.11 10Base2 implementation

13.19
Figure 13.12 10Base-T implementation

13.20
Figure 13.13 10Base-F implementation

13.22
Table 13.1 Summary of Standard Ethernet implementations

13.23
13-3 CHANGES IN THE STANDARD

The 10-Mbps Standard Ethernet has gone through


several changes before moving to the higher data
rates.. These changes actually opened the road to the
evolution of the Ethernet to become compatible with
other high-data-rate LANs..

Topics discussed in this section:


Bridged Ethernet
Switched Ethernet
Full-Duplex Ethernet

13.24
Figure 13.14 Sharing bandwidth

13.25
Figure 13.15 A network with and without a bridge

13.26
Figure 13.16 Collision domains in an unbridged network and a bridged network

13.27
Figure 13.17 Switched Ethernet

13.28
Figure 13.18 Full-duplex switched Ethernet

13.29
13-4 FAST ETHERNET

Fast Ethernet was designed to compete with LAN


protocols such as FDDI or Fiber Channel. IEEE
created Fast Ethernet under th name 802.3u.. Fast
Ethernet is backward-compatible with Standard
Ethernet, but it can transmit data 10 times faster at a
rate of 100 Mbps.

Topics discussed in this section:


MAC Sublayer
Physical
Layer

13.30
MAC Sublayer

•Evolution of ethernet from 10 to 100 Mbps.


•Drop the bus topologies and keep only the star topology.
•Star topology-two choice- half duplex and full duplex.
•In half duplex approach, the stations are connected via a hub;
in the full duplex approach, the connections are made via
switch.
•Access method for half duplex is CSMA/CD.
•For full duplex fast ethernet there is no need for CSMA/CD.
Figure 13.19 Fast Ethernet topology

13.32
Figure 13.20 Fast Ethernet implementations

13.33
Figure 13.21 Encoding for Fast Ethernet implementation

13.35
Table 13.2 Summary of Fast Ethernet implementations

13.36
13-5 GIGABIT ETHERNET

The need for an even higher data rate resulted in the


design of the Gigabit Ethernet protocol (1000 Mbps).
The IEEE committee calls the standard 802..3z..

Topics discussed in this section:


MAC Sublayer
Physical
Layer
Ten-Gigabit
Ethernet
13.37
Note

In the full-duplex mode of Gigabit


Ethernet, there is no collision;
the maximum length of the cable is
determined by the signal
attenuation in the cable.

13.38
Figure 13.22 Topologies of Gigabit Ethernet

13.39
Figure 13.23 Gigabit Ethernet implementations

13.40
Figure 13.24 Encoding in Gigabit Ethernet implementations

13.41
Table 13.3 Summary of Gigabit Ethernet implementations

13.42
Table 13.4 Summary of Ten-Gigabit Ethernet implementations

13.43

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