GCC603G1- SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH METHODS AND ETHICS

Investigating How The Presence Of Green

Spaces Within Urban Areas Contribute To
Sustainable Urban Growth

Asso.prof. Mert Bastas

NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY WISDOM TEKENA SEKIBO

INSTITUTE OF GRADUATE 20235337
STUDIES
DEPARTMENT OF
ARCHITECTURE
 Table of contents

● INTRODUCTION
○ Purpose and objectives of study
○ Research questions
● LITERATURE REVIEW
○ Theoretical framework
○ Related Studies
● METHODOLOGY
○ Research Design
○ Data Collection
○ Data Analysis
● CONCLUSION
● REFERENCES
 ABSTRACT

This research explores the challenges and factors associated with

urban green spaces and their role in promoting environmental
sustainability

Keywords: Green Spaces, Sustainability, Urban areas,

Environment, Community health
 INTRODUCTION
The need for more Urban Green Space is worldwide high
on the policy agenda of cities. Urban Green Space (UGS)
is defined as urban land, partly or completely covered
with grass, trees, shrubs, or other vegetation. Urban
Green Space includes parks, community gardens and
cemeteries, but also rooftop gardens and vertical
gardens, meadows and woods. UGS is also referred to as
blue-green zone, because urban water such as ditches,
canals, inland waterways and rivers and riverbanks, is
considered as UGS. UGS reduces the risks of flooding in
cities, cools the city in the summer and provides
biodiversity (Haase et al., 2014). UGS contributes to the
well-being of cities and its residents, to better health, and Fig 1. The Clariana of the Glòries (Barcelona, Spain).
social cohesion (Hartig et al., 2014; Hunter et al., 2019).
 What is Adaptive Reuse

● Adaptive reuse refers to the process of repurposing

buildings for new uses while retaining their historic
features (Lami, 2020).
● It is a way of conserving the architectural heritage and
reducing the environmental impact of new
constructions.
● This approach often involves the renovation and
reconfiguration of existing structures to accommodate
new functions or services, which could be substantially
different from their original intent (Galasso et al.,
2016).
 Decision Criteria for Adaptive
● Reuse
Decision criteria for adaptive reuse involve a range of
considerations that help determine whether a building
is a suitable candidate for repurposing.
● These criteria take into account the feasibility, potential
benefits, and possible drawbacks of converting an
existing structure for new uses. Here are common
criteria that can inform the decision-making process:
(Galasso et al., 2016).

1. building value
2. building suitability
3. structural condition
4. official plan and zoning
5. building code
6. client requirement
7. and heritage designated. (Mohamed & Alauddin,
2021)
 Religious Heritage

● Religious heritage refers to the tangible and intangible

cultural legacy that relates to religious traditions,
practices, places, and objects.
● This heritage encompasses a wide range of elements
that have religious significance and are often
associated with the historical development and cultural
expressions of a particular faith or community
(Metreveli & Timothy, 2010).
 Adaptive Reuse for Religious
Heritage

● Adaptive reuse for religious heritage involves

repurposing religious buildings and sites that
may no longer serve their original religious
functions into spaces that meet
U current social,
cultural, or economic needs, while respecting
their historical and spiritual significance (Nilson &
Thorell, 2018).
Background of study

● Since 1571, the thirteenth-century church has

been referred to as the Lala mustafa pasha
mosque . The decoration of Santa Sophia has
been hidden behind white paint and plaster
since the sixteenth century (Andrews, 1999).

● Following the 1974 armed conflict that split

Cyprus in two, the occupied northern section
of the island took control of Saint Sophia, now
known as Selimiye Mosque, and it has served
as the primary Muslim site of worship ever
since.(Saint Sophia Cathedral in Cyprus |
Online Journal Cyprus Inform | Cyprus Inform,
n.d.)
Fig 2. The Lala mustafa pasha mosque (Official
North Cyprus Tourism Guide, 2020)
 Historical
Background

● The centrally situated Lala mustafa

pasha Mosque frequently begs a more
fascinating question: why does this
Islamic house of worship, which is
currently the largest in the entire
capital, resemble a Christian
cathedral so much, hidden behind the
two towering minarets that penetrate
Nicosia's skyline? (Fraser, 2016)
● To put it plainly, St. Sophia Cathedral
was once one. Although this
conversion of a non-Muslim house of
worship into a mosque is not unique,
it becomes especially relevant in light
of Cyprus's volatile past and the
significance of architectural language Fig 3. Map of Famagus showing the Lala Must Pasha
as a means of communicating faith Mosque (Langdale,2009)
(Fraser 2016).
Building construction and Evolution

● Since crosses and Jesus are symbols of their

respective religions, St. Sophia Cathedral
was constructed in the shape of a cross
(Fig. 5), a feature shared by many historical
structures (Pilanta, 2014)

● (George Jeffrey) claims that these first-rate

French influences, which include an apsidal
architectural shape devoid of a transept
and a chapel chevet, were gathered in the
St. Sophia Cathedral in Nicosia.

● This church was rebuilt by the Venetians

and Ottomans after being damaged by
earthquakes and other natural disasters.
Because of this, the portico exhibits Fig 4. Plan of the Lala mustafa pasha
Venetian elements, and the cathedral's mosque before it was altered (Pilanta,
minarets display Ottoman influences. 2014)
(Andrews, 1999).
Building construction and
Evolution

● The Lala mustafa pasha mosque features a

blend of Renaissance and Gothic entrances,
with additional elements created in Cyprus
during various historical times.These kinds
of improvements, as recommended by
Jeffrey, did not indicate a lack of knowledge
about Cyprus architecture (Vidiakin, 2021).

● He said that Bedesten is an illustration of

the copycat architectural style that was
popular in Cyprus in the latter years of
European rule. Not impacted by Italian
Renaissance and Pseudo-Classic Art
Fig 5. Plan of the Lala mustafa pasha
mosque showing the evolution of the
building part through the centuries
(Pilanta, 2014)
Destruction and Reinvention of
the Mosque

● After being heavily shelled by Ottoman

cannon on the outside, the cathedral's
interior decorations and embellishments
were removed before it was transformed
into a mosque in 1571. (Gct et al., 2019b)

● The stained glass in the windows was

replaced with a type of glass and gypsum
that is typical of Islamic decoration and
design, and the wall paintings were
whitewashed. (Vidiakin, 2021).

Fig 6 . Interior of the Lala mustafa pasha

mosque showing the current look being
stripped off its church components (Gct et
al., 2019c)
Significance of the Mosque

● With a solitary minaret at the front facade,

Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque adheres to this
tradition. Under Ottoman authority, it was
customary to turn the biggest building
already in place in recently captured areas
into a mosque. (Özerden, 2023)

● The conquest of Cyprus carried on this

tradition, and Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque
was designated as the Grand Mosque of
Famagusta. (Özerden, 2023)

● The mosque's southern nave is home to two

mihrabs and a minbar that was added Fig 7.. View of the Lala mustafa pasha
during the Ottoman era. The building's with its Added minaret in sight (Andrews,
northwest corner is home to the minaret, 1999)
which features a single balcony and an
octagonal body in a harmonious Gothic
design.
 Purpose and objectives of study

This presentation aims to explore the adaptive

reuse strategies employed during the
transformation of the Lala mustafa Pasha
Mosque and examine its cultural significance
within the fabric of famagusta’s urban
landscape.

Through this case study, we seek to understand

the broader implications for ;
● heritage preservation,
● community engagement,
● and sustainable urban development in
Cyprus and beyond.
 Research Questions

● What are the key architectural

changes during the reuse?
● How does the reuse reflect
historical and cultural shifts?
● What is the cultural significance
for the local community?
● What are the implications for
heritage conservation practices?
 LITERATURE
REVIEW
● The adaptive reuse of historical buildings is a critical area of study within the
field of heritage conservation. Adaptive reuse involves repurposing buildings
for new uses while retaining their historical and cultural significance.

● This practice is seen as a sustainable approach to heritage conservation,

balancing the need to preserve architectural heritage with contemporary
demands (Langston et al., 2008).
 Theoretical framework

● The theoretical framework for this study on the

adaptive reuse of the Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque is
grounded in the concepts of ;

● sustainability,
● cultural heritage preservation,
● and architectural conservation.
 Sustainability

● Sustainable adaptive reuse refers to the strategy of

intervention on historical buildings and territories to
preserve and enhance artifacts, cities, and
communities. Adaptive reuse can generate social and
economic benefits, especially when applied to industrial
heritage (De Gregorio et al., 2020).

● The reuse of industrial heritage buildings requires

careful consideration of form, character, structure, and
historical integrity, while also impacting the local
context.(De Gregorio et al., 2020)
 Cultural heritage preservation

● Cultural heritage preservation through architectural

strategies is crucial for maintaining the values of a
society.

● Architecture is seen as an identity element in the

cultural sector, reflecting the homogeneity of culture
and architecture (Nilson & Thorell, 2018).
 Architectural Conservation

● Architectural conservation theory focuses on the

protection and restoration of historic buildings,
ensuring their structural integrity and aesthetic value.
The principles of architectural conservation, as
discussed by (Stubbs & Thomson, 2016)
Related Study
Reuse of Heritage Buildings: The
Case of St. Peter & Paul Cathedral,
Famagusta- North Cyprus

By Olgica Grcheva
Table 1. Timeline of the Dominican Cathedral use (Grcheva,
2019)

● This paper makes studies on historical

monuments and their evolution from
their previous functions to the new
functions

● For example in this project, it

discusses how The new proposal aims
to increase community awareness of
heritage buildings and attract visitors,
focusing on open access, friendly
programs, events, contemporary
additions, and the Bookstore's
content, attracting 400-500 visitors Fig 8.. Evolution of the functionality of the
cathedral as a bicycle storage to a bookstore
during busy periods (Grcheva, 2019)
(Grcheva, 2019)
Reuse of Heritage Buildings: The
Case of St. Peter & Paul Cathedral,
Famagusta- North Cyprus

By Olgica Grcheva

The study ended by suggesting a proposal

with this table with aspects that could be
improved based on the present condition
of St. Peter and Paul cathedral.

Table 2.. Proposals for improving the present

condition of St. Peter & Paul Cathedral
(Grcheva, 2019)
Related study
ADAPTIVE RE-USE OF GOTHIC
CHURCHES CONVERTED TO MOSQUES
BY OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THEIR
ADAPTIVE RE-USES

By Ceyda Alcicioglu

● This paper explains the changes

made to certain churches in Cyprus.
Giving some details of structural
changes made to these buildings.

In parts it explains how the bell towers or

turrets of the churches are transformed
into minarets. functionally they are similar
in terms of duty which is to call prayers.
the duty of the minaret is not only visual Fig 9. Axonometric view of the interior part if
but also audial (Alcicioglu, 2014). the
Lala mustafa pasha Mosque and its features
highlighted (Alciciglu, 2014).
ADAPTIVE RE-USE OF GOTHIC
CHURCHES CONVERTED TO MOSQUES
BY OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THEIR
ADAPTIVE RE-USES

By Ceyda Alcicioglu

Also provides some detailed drawings of

elevations and plans of the buildings
before or after their transformation.

The current conditions of the buildings are

also discussed within this paper.

Fig 10. .Axonometric view of the interior part

if the
Lala mustafa pasha Mosque and its features
highlighted
 METHODOLOGY

This study employs a qualitative research approach to

explore the adaptive reuse of the Lala Mustafa Pasha
Mosque in Famagusta. The methodology includes:

● 1. Research Design: Utilizing a case study

analysis and historical research to understand the
adaptive reuse process.
● 2. Data Collection: Gathering data from
archival frecords, historical documents, architectural
drawings, and questionnaires
● 3. Data Analysis: Conducting thematic
analysis of interviews, content analysis of historical
documents, and architectural assessment.
 Conclusion

In conclusion, this proposal aims to explore the adaptive

reuse of Famagusta’s Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque,
uncovering its architectural, cultural, and community
dimensions through qualitative methods. By
contributing to our understanding of heritage
conservation practices, this research seeks to make
valuable contributions to the field.
 REFERENCES

● Gct, Gct, & Gct. (2019b, April 29). Historical St Nicholas Cathedral in Cyprus turned into a mosque under Turkish

occupation. Greek City Times.

https://greekcitytimes.com/2019/04/29/historical-st-nicholas-cathedral-in-cyprus-turned-into-a-mosque-under-turkish-occ

upation/

● Gvosolution. (n.d.). St Nicholas Cathedral.

https://magusasurici.com/heritages_details?id=7#:~:text=Three%20elaborately%20carved%20portals%20with,above%

20the%20central%20west%20door

● Özerden, S. T. (2023). UTILIZATION OF OTTOMAN TANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE IN NORTHERN CYPRUS FOR TOURISM

PURPOSES. Osmanlı Mirası Araştırmaları Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.17822/omad.2023.254

● Langston, C. A. (2008). The sustainability implications of building adaptive reuse. Bond University Research Portal.

https://research.bond.edu.au/en/publications/the-sustainability-implications-of-building-adaptive-reuse
 REFERENCES

● Lami, I. M. (2020). Abandoned buildings in contemporary Cities: Smart conditions for actions. In Smart innovation, systems

and technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35550-0

● Galasso, G., Scalisi, F., & Sposito, C. (2016). Transformation and re-use of urban wasteland: four case-studies. DOAJ (DOAJ:

Directory of Open Access Journals). https://doi.org/10.13128/techne-19337

● Metreveli, M., & Timothy, D. J. (2010). Religious heritage and emerging tourism in the Republic of Georgia. Journal of Heritage

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● Kocaman, İ., & Kazaz, İ. (2023). Collapse mechanism of historical masonry mosques under strong ground motions.

Engineering Failure Analysis, 144, 106983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106983

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Journal of Facilities Management, 21(2), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1108/jfm-06-2021-0068

● Langston, C., Wong, F. K., Hui, E. C., & Shen, L. (2008). Strategic assessment of building adaptive reuse opportunities in Hong
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● De Gregorio, S., De Vita, M., De Berardinis, P., Palmero, L., & Risdonne, A. (2020). Designing the sustainable adaptive reuse of

industrial heritage to enhance the local context. Sustainability, 12(21), 9059. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219059

● Nilson, T., & Thorell, K. (2018). Cultural Heritage Preservation : The Past, the Present and the Future. DIVA.

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