Hema Presentation-Grp 6
Hema Presentation-Grp 6
Member Roll no #
s
Malaika 44
Rukhsana 45
Gulzar 46
M.Ihtisham 48
Absar 49
Haiqa Mushtaq 50
Danish Nawaz 51
Zoha Javed 52
Rena Gull
Muhammad
Adeel
THE WHITE CELLS 2
:
Lymphocytes and their benign
disorders
LYMPHOCYTES
NATURAL KILLER
CELLS
BY
RUKHSANA
GULZAR
LYMPHOCYTES
A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system.
They are the immunologically competent cells that assist phagocytes in defense
of the body against infection and other foreign invasion.
In postnatal life , primary lymphoid organs are those in which lymphocytes are
produced and matured. These are bone marrow and thymus.
B CELL & T
CELL
B LYMPHOCYTES
Activation : Activated by recognizing specific antigens presented by APCs via MHC molecules
Surface Markers : Express specific surface proteins like CD3 , CD4 (helper T cells) or CD8 (cytotoxi
are a type of lymphocyte in the innate immune system that plays a key role in the body’s first line of defen
st infections and tumors.
lls kill target cells by releasing cytotoxic molecules , such as perforin and granzymes , which induce apopto
ed cells.
can respond rapidly to infected or cancerous cells without needing prior exposure to the pathogen.
do not rely on antigen recognition through specific receptors like B and T cells but instead recognize stresse
through a balance of activating and inhibitory signals
interact with other immune cells by producing cytokines that help shape the adaptive immune response.
also interact with dendritic cells to influence the direction of immune responses.
NK CELLS
Primary function : Recognize and kill virally infected cells without prior sensitization
Do not require antigen presentation or recognition of MHC molecules , unlike T cells
BY
DANISH NAWAZ
IMMUNOGLOBILINS
STRUCTURE OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS
globulins are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells in response to the presence of antigens in the body.
The heavy and light chains are held together by disulfide bonds,
and the variable regions are highly variable in their amino acid sequence.
CLASSES
gG:
The most abundant type, it provides long-term protection by
recognizing and neutralizing pathogens.
gA:
Found mainly in mucosal areas such as the gut, respiratory tract,
nd urogenital tract, as well as in saliva, tears, and breast milk.
gM:
The first antibody produced in response to an infection.
gE:
Involved in allergic reactions and protection against parasitic infections.
gD:
Present in small amounts in the blood and mainly found on the surface
of immature B-lymphocytes.
ANTIGEN-RECEPTOR GENE
REARRANGEMENT
BY
IHTISHAM ABSAR
ANTIGEN-RECEPTOR GENE REARRANGEMENT
2. Rearrangement:
Similar to BCR, RAG1 and RAG2 catalyze V, D, and J
segment rearrangement.
3. V(D)J recombination:
V, D, and J segments are joined to form a functional TCR gene.
5. TCR assembly:
The α and β chains combine to form a functional TCR.
IMPORTANCE
1.Specificity:
Each immune cell expresses a single, unique receptor, ensuring specific recognition and
response to antigens.
2. Adaptability:
Rearrangement enables the immune system to adapt to new pathogens and mutations.
3. Immune tolerance:
Rearrangement helps eliminate self-reactive immune cells, preventing autoimmune diseases.
4. Immune response:
Rearrangement enables the activation of immune cells and generation of memory cells,
providing long-term immunity, and collectively leading to an effective immune response.
5. Pathogen clearance:
Rearrangement helps eliminate pathogens by generating receptors that recognize and
bind to specific antigens.
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ANTIGEN-RECEPTOR GENE
REARRANGEMENT’S MALIGNANCIES
1.Immunodeficiency:
Inability to produce functional antigen receptors, leading to impaired immune responses.
2. Autoimmunity:
Production of self-reactive antigen receptors, leading to autoimmune diseases like Rheumatoid Arthritis.
3. Cancer:
Uncontrolled proliferation of immune cells with mis rearranged antigen receptors,
leading to lymphoproliferative disorders like leukemia or lymphoma.
4. Allergic Reactions:
Overactive or misdirected immune responses lead to chronic inflammation and allergic reactions.
5. Immune dysregulation:
Disrupted and impaired balance of immune responses, leading to immune-related disorders.
THE COMPLEMENT
SYSTEM
BY
MUHAMMAD
ADEEL
THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhance the ability of
antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear or remove pathogens from an organism.
KEY COMPONENTS
1.C1-C9:
These are the nine major proteins that make up the complement system.
3. Factor D:
This protein is involved in the alternative pathway.
PATHWAYS OF COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION
1. Classical Pathway:
2. Alternative Pathway:
ization:
Complement proteins mark pathogens for destruction by phagocytic cells.
rane Attack Complex (MAC):
Complement proteins form a MAC, which creates a hole in the pathogen's cell membrane, leading to its
mmation:
Complement proteins promote inflammation, which helps to isolate and eliminate pathogens.
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH COMPLEMENT DYSREGULATION
MALIGNANCIES
1.Autoimmune disorders:
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
2. Inflammatory diseases:
Asthma, atopic dermatitis, Meningitis, sepsis.
3. Hematological disorders:
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH),
atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS).
TREATMENT
BY
MALAIKA
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
ndritic Cell(DC) precursors migrate from blood into tissues at low levels,
easing in response to inflammation or infection.
1. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) process and present antigens on MHC molecules.
T Cell Activation
BY
ZOHA JAVED
LYMPHOCYTOSIS
hocytosis often occur in infants and young children in response to infections that produce a
ophil reaction in adults.
CAUSES
ection
ute: infection mononucleosis, rubella, mumps,
ronic: syphilis. It may causes by primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
3.Rashes
boratory tests:
omplete Blood Count (CBC): Measures white blood cell count, including lymphocytes.
erophile antibodies : Modern slide screening tests such as the MONOSPOT TEST ,
ormalinized horse red cells to test for the IgM antibodies which agglutinate the cells
TREATMENT OF LYMPHOCYTOSIS
BY
HAIQA MUSHTAQ
IMMUNODEFECIENCY
SYMPTOMS
4. Gene therapy
BY
RENA GULL
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF LYMPHADOENOPATHY
efinition:
Lymphadenopathy is the enlargement of lymph nodes which are
small, bean- shaped organs that are part of the immune system
TYPES
eneralized Lymphadenopathy:
Enlargement of lymph nodes in multiple locations
calized Lymphadenopathy:
Enlargement of lymph nodes in a specific location