Chapter 1 – Introduction to Computers

and C++ Programming

Dr. Obada BaniIssa

 Outline

1.1 What is a Computer?

1.2 Computer Organization
1.3 Types of Computer Languages
1.4 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment
1.5 Introduction to C++ Programming
1.6 A Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text
1.7 Another Simple Program: Adding Two Integers
1.8 Memory Concepts
1.9 Arithmetic
1.10 Decision Making: Equality and Relational
Operators
 1.1 What is a Computer?

• Computer
– Device capable of performing computations and making logical
decisions
• Computer programs
– Sets of instructions that control computer’s processing of data
• Hardware
– Various devices comprising computer
• Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM, processing
units, …
• Software
– Programs that run on computer
 1.2 Computer Organization

• Six logical units of computer

1. Input unit
• “Receiving” section
• Obtains information from input devices
– Keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, networks, …
2. Output unit
• “Shipping” section
• Takes information processed by computer
• Places information on output devices
– Screen, printer, …
 1.2 Computer Organization

• Six logical units of computer

3. Memory unit
• Rapid access, relatively low capacity “warehouse” section
• Retains information from input unit
– Immediately available for processing
• Retains processed information
– Until placed on output devices
• Memory, primary memory
4. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
• “Manufacturing” section
• Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions
 1.2 Computer Organization

• Six logical units of computer

3. Memory unit
• Rapid access, relatively low capacity “warehouse” section
• Retains information from input unit
– Immediately available for processing
• Retains processed information
– Until placed on output devices
• Memory, primary memory
4. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
• “Manufacturing” section
• Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions
 1.2 Computer Organization

• Six logical units of computer

5. Central processing unit (CPU)
• “Administrative” section
• Supervises and coordinates other sections of computer
6. Secondary storage unit
• Long-term, high-capacity “warehouse” section
• Storage
– Inactive programs or data
• Secondary storage devices
– Disks
• Longer to access than primary memory
• Less expensive per unit than primary memory
 1.3 Types of computer languages

• Three types of computer languages

1.Machine language
2.Assembly language
3.High-level languages
 1.1 Basics of a Typical C++
Environment

• C++ systems
– Program-development environment
– Language
– C++ Standard Library
 1.4 Basics of a Typical C++
Environment Program is created in
Editor Disk the editor and stored
on disk.

Phases of C++ Programs: Preprocessor Disk Preprocessor program

processes the code.
Compiler creates
1.Edit Compiler Disk object code and stores
it on disk.
Linker links the object
2.Preprocess Linker Disk code with the libraries,
creates a.out and
Primary stores it on disk

3.Compile
Memory
Loader

Loader puts program

4.Link Disk ..
..
in memory.

..

5.Load Primary
Memory
CPU
CPU takes each
6.Execute instruction and
executes it, possibly
storing new data
..
.. values as the program
..
executes.
 1.4 Basics of a Typical C++
Environment

• Input/output
– cin
• Standard input stream
• Normally keyboard
– cout
• Standard output stream
• Normally computer screen
 1.5 Introduction to C++ Programming

• Structured programming
• Object-oriented programming
 1.6 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text

• Comments
– Document programs
– Improve program readability
– Ignored by compiler
– Single-line comment
• Begin with //
• Preprocessor directives
– Processed by preprocessor before compiling
– Begin with #
 14
1 // Fig. 1.2: fig01_02.cpp
2 // A first program in C++.
Single-line comments. Outline
3 Function main
#include <iostream> returns an
4 integer { begins Preprocessor
value.
Left brace function directive to
5 // function main body. program
begins Function include input/output Statements
main appears
execution stream end with a
6 int main() header file <iostream>.
exactly once in every C++ semicolon ;.
7 { program..
8 std::cout << "Welcome to C++!\n";
9 right brace } ends function
10 return 0; //body.
indicate that program ended successfully
11 Name coutStream insertion
belongs to operator.
12 } // end function main namespace std.

Keyword return is one of

Welcome to C++!
several means to exit
function; value 0 indicates
program terminated
successfully.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
 1.6 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text
• Standard output stream object
– std::cout
– “Connected” to screen
– <<
• Stream insertion operator
• Value to right (right operand) inserted into output stream
• Namespace
– std:: specifies using name that belongs to “namespace” std
– std:: removed through use of using statements
• Escape characters
– \
– Indicates “special” character output
1.6 A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text
// Fig. 1.4: fig01_04.cpp
2 // Printing a line with multiple statements.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 // function main begins program execution Multiple stream insertion
6 int main() statements produce one line of
7 { output.
8 std::cout << "Welcome ";
9 std::cout << "to C++!\n";
10
11 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
12
13 } // end function main

Welcome to C++!
1 // Fig. 1.5: fig01_05.cpp
2 // Printing multiple lines with a single statement
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 // function main begins program execution Using newline characters to
6 int main() print on multiple lines.
7 {
8 std::cout << "Welcome\nto\n\nC++!\n";
9
10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
11
12 } // end function main

Welcome
to

C++!
 1.7 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers

• Variables
– Location in memory where value can be stored
– Common data types
• int - integer numbers
• char - characters
• double - floating point numbers
– Declare variables with name and data type before use
int integer1;
int integer2;
int sum;
– Can declare several variables of same type in one declaration
• Comma-separated list
int integer1, integer2, sum;
 1.7 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers

• Variables
– Variable names
• Valid identifier
– Series of characters (letters, digits, underscores)
– Cannot begin with digit
– Case sensitive
 1.7 Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers

• Input stream object

– >> (stream extraction operator)
• Used with std::cin
• Waits for user to input value, then press Enter (Return) key
• Stores value in variable to right of operator
– Converts value to variable data type
• = (assignment operator)
– Assigns value to variable
– Binary operator (two operands)
– Example:
sum = variable1 + variable2;
 22
1 // Fig. 1.6: fig01_06.cpp
2 // Addition program.
Outline
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main()
7 { Declare integer variables.
8 int integer1; // first number to be input by user
9 int integer2; // second number to be input by user
10 int sum;
Use stream extraction
// variable in which sum will be stored
11 operator with standard input
12 std::cout << "Enter first stream to obtain
integer\n"; // user input.
prompt
13 std::cin >> integer1; // read an integer
14
15 std::cout << "Enter second integer\n"; // prompt
16 std::cin >> integer2; Calculations can
// be performed
read in output
an integer statements: alternative for
Stream manipulator
17 lines 18 and 20: std::endl outputs a
18 sum = integer1 + integer2; // assign result to sum
19
newline, then “flushes output
std::cout << "Sum is " << integer1 + integer2 << std::endl;
20 std::cout << "Sum is " << sum << std::endl; // print sumbuffer.”
21
22 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
23
24 } // end function main Concatenating, chaining or
cascading stream insertion
operations.

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
Enter first integer
45
Enter second integer
72
Sum is 117
 1.8 Memory Concepts

• Variable names
– Correspond to actual locations in computer's memory
– Every variable has name, type, size and value
– When new value placed into variable, overwrites previous value
– Reading variables from memory nondestructive
 1.8 Memory Concepts

std::cin >> integer1;

Assume user entered 45

std::cin >> integer2;

Assume user entered 72

sum = integer1 + integer2;

 1.9 Arithmetic

• Arithmetic calculations
– *
• Multiplication
– /
• Division
• Integer division truncates remainder
– 7 / 5 evaluates to 1
– %
• Modulus operator returns remainder
– 7 % 5 evaluates to 2
 1.9 Arithmetic

• Rules of operator precedence

– Operators in parentheses evaluated first
• Nested/embedded parentheses
– Operators in innermost pair first
– Multiplication, division, modulus applied next
• Operators applied from left to right
– Addition, subtraction applied last
 1.10 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators

• if structure
– Make decision based on truth or falsity of condition
• If condition met, body executed
• Else, body not executed
• Equality and relational operators
– Equality operators
• Same level of precedence
– Relational operators
• Same level of precedence
– Associate left to right
1.10 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators
 1.10 Decision Making: Equality and
Relational Operators

• using statements
– Eliminate use of std:: prefix
– Write cout instead of std::cout
 31
1 // Fig. 1.14: fig01_14.cpp
2 // Using if statements, relational
Outline
3 // operators, and equality operators.
4 #include <iostream>
5
fig01_14.cpp
6 using std::cout; // program uses cout (1 of 2)
7 using std::cin; // program uses cin using statements eliminate
8 using std::endl; // program uses endl need for std:: prefix.
9
10 Declare
// function main begins program variables.
execution
11 int main()
12 {
13 Can write
int num1; // first number to be readand
cout cinuser
from
14 without to
int num2; // second number std:: prefix.
be read from user
15
16 cout << "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n"
if structure compares values
17 << "the relationships they satisfy: ";
18 cin >> num1 >> num2;
of num1 and num2
// read two integers
to test for
If condition is true (i.e.,
19 equality. values are equal), execute this
20 if ( num1 == num2 )
if structure compares
statement.values
21 cout << num1 << " is of num1
equal to " and
If condition
num2
<< num2 <<toendl;
is true (i.e.,
test for
22 inequality. values are not equal), execute
23 if ( num1 != num2 ) this statement.
24 cout << num1 << " is not equal to " << num2 << endl;
25

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All rights reserved.
 32
26 if ( num1 < num2 )
27 cout << num1 << " is less than " << num2 << endl;
Outline
28
29 if ( num1 > num2 )
30 cout << num1 << " is greater than " << num2 << endl;
Statements may be split over
31
32 if ( num1 <= num2 )
several lines.
33 cout << num1 << " is less than or equal to "
34 << num2 << endl;
35
36 if ( num1 >= num2 )
37 cout << num1 << " is greater than or equal to "
38 << num2 << endl;
39
40 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
41
42 } // end function main

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 22 12
22 is not equal to 12
22 is greater than 12
22 is greater than or equal to 12

 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
Enter two integers, and I will tell you
the relationships they satisfy: 7 7
7 is equal to 7
7 is less than or equal to 7
7 is greater than or equal to 7