Mobile Operating Systems

Objectives
Architecture ODOCH PHILLIP - 2024/HD05/22084U
Design Principles EDYEDU EMMY - 2024/HD05/22082U
Market trends
Advantages and disadvantages
Overview Android OS
A mobile operating system developed by Google
(2005) and (2007).
Based on Linux.
Designed Primarily for Mobile Apps like
smartphones and tablets with touch screen
interfaces.
Android has also been adapted for various other
devices, including smartwatches (Android Wear),
tablets, and automotive systems (Android Auto).
Android 1. 0, 2008 and latest at 15.0
Android OS Architecture

Linux Kernel
It serves as an abstraction layer
between the hardware and the
operating system.
Libraries, C/C++ libraries
Android Runtime (environment
run Apps)
Application Framework (higher-
level services)
Applications
 Design Principles for Android OS
• Open Source: Android is built on an open-source
model.
• User-Centric Experience: The design emphasizes a
user-friendly interface
• Modularity: Android’s architecture is modular
• Rich App Ecosystem: Android supports a vast array
of applications available
• Flexibility and Customization: Users can
personalize their devices
• Security and Privacy: Android incorporates robust
security features
• Connectivity and Integration: Designed to support
various connectivity options
• Support for Multiple Devices: Android is adaptable
Market trends

Unveiled in 2007,
Android has maintained
its position as the
leading mobile
operating system
worldwide in the
second quarter of 2024
with a market share of
about 71.65 percent.
Android’s latest being
15.0 with 14.0 released
in 2023
Advantages of Android OS
• Android’s open-source nature allows for extensive
customization.
• The Google Play Store offers millions of applications.
• Android supports multitasking
• Android devices support various connectivity options,
• Android incorporates various security measures
• Android supports a wide range of languages
• Users can personalize their devices
• Android powers a vast range of devices
Disadvantages of Android OS
• Some Android apps can consume a significant
amount of battery power
• its open-source nature can expose it to malware
and security risks
• Many Android devices come pre-loaded with
manufacturer and carrier apps (Bloatware)
• Not all devices receive timely updates
• Google Play Store contains a mix of high-quality
and poorly developed applications
• Some Android applications may require more
system resources
• The need for Gmail
 iOS
• iOS is Apple's mobile operating system.
• Originally released for iPhone and iPod Touch, it
has been extended to support devices like iPad
and Apple TV
• Derived from OSX, with which it shares the
Darwin foundation and is therefore a UNIX-like
operating system by nature.
• The user-interface of iOS is based on concept of
direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures.
• Unveiled with the iPhone at the MacWorld
Conference & Expo, January 9, 2007 and
released in June, 2007, As of Oct 2011 Apple
contains over 500,000 iOS applications.
• In June, 2010, Apple rebranded iPhone OS as
"iOS".
 iOS employs a closed-
iOS architecture source architecture
based on Darwin, a
Unix-based operating
system, with a strong
focus on security and
privacy. It features a
tight integration
between hardware and
software, ensuring
optimal performance
and a seamless user
experience.
Design principles of iOS
• User-Centric Design: iOS emphasizes an intuitive
user experience
• Consistency: The design promotes a consistent
look and feel across all apps and system interfaces
• Clarity and Simplicity: iOS prioritizes clarity in its
visual design
• Security and Privacy: iOS prioritizes user security
and privacy
• Accessibility: iOS incorporates features designed
to make the platform usable for everyone
• Use of Gestures: iOS supports intuitive gesture-
based navigation
iOS market trends

The Fresh Apple Market

size is estimated at USD
101.04 billion in 2024,
and is expected to reach
USD 111.56 billion by
2029, growing at a CAGR
of 2% during the forecast
period (2024-2029).
Source:
https://www.mordorintelli
gence.com/industry-
reports/fresh-apples-
market.
Advantages of iOS
• More secure than other Operating
systems
• Excellent UI and fluid responsive
• Suites best for business and
professionals
• Generates less heat as compared to
android
Disadvantages

• More costly
• Less user friendly as compared to
android operating system
• Not flexible as it supports only iOS
devices
• Battery performance is poor
Harmony OS
• Harmony OS (open sources) is a new-microkernel based,
distributed operating system developed to provide a new user
experience across different devices.
• Harmony OS, developed by Huawei (2019), is China’s first open-
source operating system, launched in response to U.S. trade
restrictions that cut off access to Android. It aims to enhance
harmony and convenience globally, reflecting a significant
milestone in China's tech development.
• It is designed to provide a unified language for multi-device
intelligence, interconnection, and collaboration, bringing a
smooth, easy, and continuous interaction experience with
reliability and security across all scenarios.
Harmony OS Architecture
Harmony OS is designed
with a layered architecture,
which consists of four
layers; the kernel layer at
the bottom provides the
upper three layers, i.e., the
system service layer,
framework layer and
application layer, with
basic kernel capabilities,
such as process and thread
management, memory
management, file system,
network management, and
peripheral management
Harmony OS design principles
• Better Experience: Focus on improving cross-device
interactions rather than simply adding more devices.
• Seamless and Smooth: Ensure effortless transitions
between devices, mimicking a single-device
experience.
• Clear Guidance: Provide intuitive navigation and clear
icons to assist users in cross-device interactions.
• Easy to Understand: Simplify the interaction process
with intelligent guidance
• Controllability: Empower users to switch between
devices and interaction modes freely
Market trend
• Market research conducted in China by
Strategy Analytics showed that Harmony
OS was the third largest smartphone
platform after iOS and Google Android,
reaching a record high of 4% market share
in China during the first quarter of 2022,
by the first quarter of 2024, HarmonyOS
reached a 4% market share globally and
captured 17% of the Chinese market,
surpassing iOS to become the second
largest mobile platform domestically, as
reported by Counterpoint Research on May
25, 2024
 Advantages of HarmonyOS
Open Source: HarmonyOS promotes collaboration and innovation
through its open-source nature, allowing developers to contribute to its
development.
Multi-Device Integration: It effectively connects various devices for
seamless interaction and resource sharing, fostering a cohesive
ecosystem.
Efficient Development: Developers can create applications once for
deployment across multiple device types, streamlining the development
process.
Performance Optimization: Its lightweight and component-based
architecture enables tailored performance based on specific device
capabilities.
Enhanced Security: The OS features strong security measures, including
a secure kernel and improved privacy controls to safeguard user data.
Disadvantages of HarmonyOS
Limited App Ecosystem: Being relatively new, HarmonyOS may not
offer as many applications as more established platforms like
Android and iOS.
Compatibility Issues: Users might face compatibility challenges with
existing Android apps, potentially disrupting the user experience.
Market Penetration: Its adoption is still expanding, particularly
outside of China, which may restrict its appeal in some regions.
Learning Curve: Transitioning users may find it challenging to adapt
to HarmonyOS's distinct features and interface.
Vendor Lock-In: The ecosystem is heavily oriented towards Huawei
devices, which could deter users from exploring options from other
manufacturers.
Tizen OS
• Is a Linux-based mobile operating system backed
by the Linux Foundation, developed and used
primarily by Samsung Electronics.
• Released in 2012 the Tizen 1.0 built its way up
with the latest being Tizen 8.0 Public M2: October
31, 2023.
Tizen architecture
The software
platform supports
web applications.
The Tizen Web API
reference provides a
comprehensive
description for Web
application
development.
Tizen design principles
Focus on the Primary Goals
Ensure that your app allows users to easily use its major features.
You can simplify the screen layout of your app and emphasize
important features so that users can easily find them.
Create a Sense of Flow
A good flow in the app design makes it easy for users to make
decisions. Users may lose interest in your app if it is hard to
navigate and difficult to understand.
Provide Information at a Glance
When you design screens for your app, ensure that the purpose of
each screen is easily understood at a glance. Design the primary
information to be clearly visible and easily accessible.
Tizen Market trend
• Samsung’s Tizen OS is projected to command the
largest market share (12.8%) for smart TV operating
systems worldwide in 2024, with 120 million smart TV
sets, according to the Connected TV Marketing
Association (CTVMA)
• By 2024 the Tizen OS market share stands at 0.22% of
the world share
Advantages of Tizen OS
• Tizen offers a lightweight, user-friendly environment
that is easy to navigate and well-optimized for battery
efficiency, making Samsung devices generally more
power-efficient.
• Supported by Intel, Tizen is expected to evolve despite
its current limitations.
• While its app library is not extensive, it does support
major streaming platforms and features seamless
smartphone casting.
• Rooted in IoT, Tizen connects various devices, providing
a customizable and advanced user experience.
Disadvantages of Tizen OS
• Tizen can be challenging for non-tech-savvy users due
to its extensive customization requirements and
insufficient documentation, making it hard to find
solutions within the community.
• Additionally, the lack of an app store limits access to
popular content.
• Some users also find its smart suggestions and
recommendations less intuitive compared to Android.
Mobian OS
• Mobian is a project aimed at porting the Debian
GNU/Linux distribution to smartphones and tablets,
utilizing the mainline Linux kernel. Launched in 2020, it
supports devices like the PinePhone, PineTab, Librem 5,
OnePlus 6/6T, and Pocophone F1.
• Droidian, formerly known as hybris-mobian, is a variant
of Mobian that runs on Android's Linux kernel using the
Libhybris and Halium adaptation layers. It is compatible
with devices supported by Ubuntu Touch and can be
installed via the UBports installer.
Mobian OS Architecture
•Hardware Layer
This foundational layer includes all physical components of the device, such as the CPU,
RAM, storage, display, and sensors.
•Kernel Layer
Mobian uses the mainline Linux kernel to manage hardware resources, provide essential
system services, and facilitate communication between hardware and software.
•User Space Layer
This layer encompasses user applications and services
•Graphical User Interface (GUI) Layer
Typically employs a mobile-friendly interface like Phosh (Phone Shell), designed for
intuitive touch interactions and navigation.
• Package Management Layer
Based on Debian’s APT, this layer enables users to install, update, and manage software
packages from a vast repository.
• Configuration and Customization Layer
Allows users to adjust settings and personalize their experience, providing flexibility in how
Mobian OS Market trend
• Mobian OS is seeing increased interest among niche
user groups
• Active community engagement is driving continuous
improvements
• While exact market share data for Mobian OS is difficult
to pinpoint due to its niche status, it is estimated to hold
a very small percentage of the overall mobile operating
system market, likely below 1%.
Advantages of Mobian OS
• Open-Source Philosophy: Mobian embraces open-source principles,
fostering transparency, collaboration, and community involvement.
• Enhanced Privacy: Mobian prioritizes user privacy with comprehensive
control over app permissions and strong encryption, ensuring personal
data remains secure.
• Extended Device Lifespan: By providing a lightweight operating system,
Mobian revitalizes older devices, extending their lifespan and reducing
electronic waste.
• Linux Ecosystem Integration: Mobian’s compatibility with the Linux
ecosystem allows for seamless transitions between desktop and mobile
environments.
Disadvantage of Mobian OS
• you cannot install pure Debian directly on your smartphones or
tablets. You need hardware-specific customizations
• Very few mobile-friendly applications on Debian
• Being a developing project, Mobian may have stability issues or bugs
• As a newer project, community support and documentation may be
limited
Pure OS
• PureOS is a privacy-focused Linux distribution developed by
Purism, designed for its Librem laptops and the Librem 5
smartphone.
• It uses either the GNOME or KDE Plasma desktop
environment and only includes free software, making it part
of the Free Software Foundation's approved distributions.
• Based on Debian, PureOS combines open-source packages
from Debian's "testing" archive with a hybrid point and
rolling release model.
• The default web browser is GNOME Web, and DuckDuckGo is
set as the default search engine.
PureOS Architecture
• Hardware Layer
The physical components of the device, including the CPU, RAM, storage, and
input/output peripherals.
• Kernel Layer
Linux Kernel: The core of the operating system that manages hardware resources, system
calls, and process scheduling. PureOS uses the mainline Linux kernel for optimal
performance and compatibility.
• System Libraries Layer
Essential libraries such as the GNU C Library (glibc) and other shared libraries that
provide foundational functions for applications.
•User Space Layer
This layer includes the user-facing applications and services.
PureOS Architecture
• Desktop Environment Layer
Typically uses GNOME or KDE Plasma, providing a graphical user interface
that allows users to interact with the system in a visually intuitive way.
• Package Management Layer
Based on APT (Advanced Package Tool), this layer facilitates the installation,
updating, and management of software packages from Debian repositories.
•Privacy and Security Features Layer
Includes mechanisms designed to enhance user privacy and security, such
as secure defaults, encryption options, and granular control over application
permissions.
•Configuration and Customization Layer
Allows users to personalize settings and configurations, enhancing the
overall user experience and flexibility.
Market trend
• PureOS has garnered interest primarily among privacy-
conscious users and advocates of free software
• With growing concerns about data privacy and security,
PureOS's focus on using only free software.
• PureOS occupies a very small share of the overall
operating system market, likely below 1%, but is
maintaining a steady growth in the market penetration.
Advantages of PureOS
• Privacy and security features
• longevity and maintenance
• Does Not Spy on Users
• Avoids Bloatware
• Long battery life optimization
Disadvantages of PureOS
• lack of hardware compatibility
• Limited software packages
kaiOS
• It is developed by KaiOS technologies
• KaiOS is a light weight mobile operating system
designed for feature phones, bringing smartphones-like
functionalities to affordable devices.
• It is particularly popular in emerging market, where
cost-effective devices are crucial.
 Architecture of KaiOS
• The operating system is divided into two
components.
• The core, consist of web application runtime and
hard ware adaptation model.
• App profile, provides user interfacing function,
therefore contains
built-in web apps.
Features of KaiOS
1. Lightweight: it is optimized for devices with low
memory and processing power, making it ideal for
feature phones
2. Essential Apps: the OS supports popular app like
WhatsApp, YouTube, Facebook, and google Maps,
bringing the gap between feature phones and smart
phones
3. Long Battery Life: Due to its lightweight nature,
devices running KaiOS typically extended battery life.
4. Multilingual Support: KaiOS supports multiple
languages, making it accessible to users from diverse
regions around the world.
Design principal of KaiOS
1. Simplicity
2. Lightweight and Efficient
3. Accessibility
4. Focus on Essential
Features
5. Responsive and Fast
6. Long Battery Life
7. Localized Content and
Services
Advantages of KaiOS
Affordable devices with essential smartphones features
Extended battery life
Targeted at emerging markets, aiding digital inclusion.
 Low System Requirements
Durability
Ease of Use
Challenges of KaiOS
Limited app ecosystem since it has fewer apps as
compared to android operating system and iOS
Basic user interface compared to Android and IOS
Primarily for the feature phones, limiting its appeal to
smartphone users
Limited Device Availability for example its majorly
found in Africa and India.
Market trend
• KaiOS's global market share for mobile operating
systems peaked around 1.1% in 2020.
• In 2023, estimates suggested that KaiOS’s global
market share is around 0.5% - 0.8%.
• It has got a market trend of approximately 0.4% as of
2024.
Sailfish operating system
• Sailfish operating system, developed
by finish company jolla.
• It’s a Linux based mobile operating
system known for its focus on
privacy, security, and a unique
gestures-based interface.
• Its primarily used in few selected
devices and is particularly popular in
certain region like Russia, where it is
seen as a secure alternative to
mainstream operating system.
Features of sailfish operating
system
Gesture-based interface: Sailfish operating system
offers distinctive navigation experience driven entirely
by gestures, providing a fluid and intuitive user
experience.
Privacy focus: Sailfish operating system focuses and
emphasizes data privacy and security, making it
appealing to users concerned about digital surveillance.
Linux-Based: As a Linux based operating system,
Sailfish operating system provides flexibility and is
opened to community development and modification.
Architecture of sailfish operating
system.
 Sailfish architecture con’t
• Hardware Adaptation layer. In • Application and user
the hardware adaptation interface layer.
layer, Sailfish OS uses a Linux
kernel with hardware-specific Sailfish defines UI in QML
additions and native drivers Application launching
and libraries like android.
Main screen.
• Middle layer.
It’s a core system component
It contains development
libraries like Qt C++, Qt maps,
Qt sensors.
Design principal of sailfish
operating system
• Simply beautiful
• Logical
• Effortless interaction
• True multitasking at its best
• All screen estate is yours
Market trend
• In 2020, sailfish global market trend was 0.1%.
• In 2021, there was slight increase was between 0.1% to
0.2%
• From 2022-2023 sailfish OS usage remains the same as
of 2021.
• Currently it holds less than 0.1% of the world Market
trend as compared to other operating system in 2024.
Advantages of Sailfish operating
system
Strong privacy and security features
Unique and fluid user interfaces
Community driven with open source components
Android app compatibility.
Disadvantages of Sailfish
operating system
Limited app ecosystem compared to Android and IOS
Small market share and limited device support.
Niche appeal, mostly in specific region.
Sailfish OS lucks manufactures support, this is due to
luck of its hardware availability
Ubuntu touch operating system
• It is developed by Ubports foundation.
• It is an open-source mobile operating system developed
by Ubports community after canonical, the original
developer, discontinued its support.
• Its is designed for users who prefers an open,
customizable, and privacy focused mobile experience.
• Ubuntu touch is available on limited numbers of
devices.
 Ubuntu touch operating system.
• It is developed by Ubports • Its is designed for users
foundation. who prefers an open,
• It is an open-source mobile customizable, and
operating system developed by privacy focused mobile
Ubports community after canonical, experience.
the original developer, • Ubuntu touch is
discontinued its support. available on devices like
phones,
tablets ,computers
among others
Architecture of Ubuntu touch OS
Linux Kernel

Android HAL Mir Display Server

Sensors
Platform API

OMX LibHybris
GPS QtUbuntu
Camera
Hybris Compat

Pulse
Unity8
RILd Media Unity-Mir
App Manager
oFono

Ubuntu Applications

Ubuntu 14.04 Android (LXC Container)

Architecture con’t
• Linux Kernel. It’s the core, • Application framework. It
handles hardware and uses Qt/QML
system ressources.
• LibHybris. Its an interface
that allow Ubuntu touch to
interact with android
drivers.
• Mir display server. It’s a
displayer server for
handling both output and
input.
Features of Ubuntu touch operating system

Convergence: Ubuntu touch operating system offers a

convergence feature, allowing users to connect their phones
to a monitor and use it as a desktop computer.
Open source: As a fully open source OS, Ubuntu touch
operating system allows users to modify and customize the
system to their liking.
Privacy and security: With no built-in tracking or data
collection, Ubuntu touch operating system appeals to
privacy-conscious users.
It supports web app: this enable users to access online
events and services without needing another application.
 Design principal of Ubuntu touch
OS
• Simplicity and usability.
• Convergence
• Privacy and security
• Support for web technology
• Open source
Market trend
• In 2020 it was having market share of 0.01%- 0.05%
• In 2021-2022, market share was 0.05% and below
globally.
• From 2023 up to now Ubuntu mobile operating system
accounts for less than 0.1% of the overall global market
for mobile operating system.
Advantages of Ubuntu touch
operating system

• Focus on privacy and open-source principles.

• Convergence features for desktop-like use.
• Customizability and flexibility for advance users.
• Free operating system for personal and enterprise
computing
• Ease of Installing and Running and Customization
Options
Challenges of Ubuntu touch operating system

• Very limited device compatibility

• Small app ecosystem with fewer mainstream app.
• Steep learning curve for non-technical users.
• Limited Functionalities Due to Limited Applications
PostmarketOS

• Its developed by PostmarketOS community.

• PostmarketOS is a Linux-based mobile operating system
designed to extend the life of old smartphones and
tablets by providing a lightweight, customizable
operating system .
PostmarketOS

• It’s a community-driven project

with a strong focus on privacy,
security, and free software
principles.
• The goal of PostmarketOS is to
provide a sustainable, long-term
supported Linux operating system
that can extend the life of mobile
devices, offering an alternative to
Android or iOS.
Architecture of postmarketOS

• Linux Kernel: The foundation managing hardware interaction.

• Alpine Linux Userland: A lightweight and secure environment
providing core utilities.
• Wayland Display Server: Manages graphics and input.
• User Interfaces: Supports various DEs like Plasma Mobile and
Phosh for a tailored user experience.
• Device Drivers: Customized drivers for various mobile
hardware.
• Package Management: Utilizes apk-tools for efficient software
management
Features of PostmarketOS
Device longevity: PostmarketOS aims to support older devices , giving
them a new lease on life with a lightweight operating system.
Customizability: Being linux-based, PostmarketOS is highly
customizable, allowing users to tailor the operating system to
preferences.
Privacy and security: PostmarketOS emphasizes privacy, with no
tracking or proprietary software included by default.
FOSS (Free and Open Source): PostmarketOS is entirely free and open-
source, giving users the ability to inspect, modify, and share the
software.
Multi-Device Support: It supports a wide range of devices, including
smartphones, tablets, and some single-board computers like the
PinePhone and Raspberry Pi.
Multiple User Interfaces: It offers several desktop environments (e.g.,
Plasma Mobile, Phosh, Sxmo) optimized for touchscreens, allowing
users to pick an interface that best suits their needs.
Market trend
• The market share of postmarketOS is Niche, open-
source community driven.
• PostmarketOS’s share of the global mobile operating
system market is extremely small, likely below 0.01%.
However, within the niche market of Linux-based mobile
operating systems, it might account for 1-2%, with a
slow but steady increase in adoption.
• Growth in terms of device support and community
engagement seems to hover around 20-30% annually,
though this varies depending on specific metrics (like
number of devices, contributors, or forum activity).
Advantages of PostmarketOS

1. Extends the usability of older devices

2. Highly customizable and open source
3. Strong focus privacy and security
Disadvantages of PostmarketOS

1. Limited device support, installation can be complex

2. Small user base and community
3. Not intended for mainstream users, technical
expertise is required.
Plasma OS
• Plasma Mobile is an open-source mobile
operating system based on the KDE
Plasma desktop environment, designed
specifically for smartphones and tablets.
• Plasma Mobile is part of a broader
movement towards open-source mobile
alternatives, alongside other projects like
postmarketOS and Sailfish OS, providing
users with choices beyond the traditional
Android and iOS ecosystems.
Features of plasma OS
• User Interface: Plasma Mobile offers a • Compatibility: Plasma Mobile can be
touch-friendly interface with a layout that installed on various devices,
resembles the KDE Plasma desktop. It including smartphones and tablets,
includes features like app drawers,
notifications, and quick access to settings. particularly older devices that may
not support newer Android versions.
• Open Source: Being open-source, Plasma
Mobile allows developers to contribute to
The operating system is also
its development, and users can customize compatible with various hardware
it to their liking. The community-driven configurations.
nature promotes transparency and • Privacy and Freedom: Plasma Mobile
collaboration.
emphasizes user privacy and data
• Applications: Plasma Mobile supports a freedom, avoiding the proprietary
range of applications developed with the software and services that are
Qt framework. It aims to provide a native
experience for mobile apps and includes common in mainstream mobile
several pre-installed applications like web operating systems. Users have more
browsers, messaging apps, and media control over their data and the apps
players they use.
Architecture of plasma mobile OS

• The architecture of Plasma Mobile consists of several key

components:
• Linux Kernel: The core operating system that interacts directly with
hardware.
• Wayland: A modern display server protocol that manages graphical
output and input events.
• Plasma Shell: The user interface built on the KDE Plasma desktop
environment, designed for touchscreens and mobile interactions.
• Applications: Mobile apps developed using the Qt framework,
supporting both native and web-based applications.
• Modular Design: Allows various components to be independently
updated or replaced.
Design principal of plasma mobile OS

• The design principles of Plasma Mobile emphasize:

• Convergence: It allows the same apps and user experience
across mobile and desktop devices.
• Customization and Flexibility: Being part of the KDE
ecosystem, it is highly customizable, allowing users to modify
the interface according to their preferences.
• Open Source and Privacy: Plasma Mobile promotes
transparency, user control, and privacy by avoiding
proprietary software and data collection.
• Modular Architecture: The system is lightweight, with modular
components that support diverse use cases and devices.
Market trend of plasma mobile
operating system
Advantages of plasma mobile OS

• Open Source and Privacy-Focused: Built on Linux and

KDE technologies, Plasma Mobile offers complete user
control with a focus on privacy and transparency.
• Convergence: Plasma Mobile is designed for cross-
device usage, allowing users to run the same apps on
both mobile and desktop environments.
• Customizable: Offers high customizability with a variety
of user interfaces and layouts.
Disadvantages of plasma mobile OS

• Limited App Ecosystem: Fewer apps compared to

Android and iOS, impacting mainstream usability.
• Hardware Support: Works on limited devices, mostly
experimental hardware like PinePhone and Librem 5.
• Not Fully Mature: Plasma Mobile is still in development,
with occasional bugs and performance issues.
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