DLB2106: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

COURSE COORDINATOR: Dr. JOHN BOSCO

NKURUNUNGI (PhD)

TOPIC: BLOOD CIRCULATION

GROUP MEMBERS
KISAKYE ERIYA
JUUKO JANAT
SEMALYE STEVEN
NALUBEGA RHINAH
 BLOOD CIRCULATION
Blood circulation also known as circulatory system refers to the transportation
of blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
and organs, and removing waste products.

It consists of two pathways

 Pulmonary Circulation: It involves the movement of blood between the
heart and the lungs.
 Systemic Circulation: It involves the movement of blood between the
heart and other body organs excluding the lungs
It involves organs such as;
The heart; which pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body and deoxygenated blood to
the lungs to pick oxygen
The lungs; a source of oxygen that exchange of carbon dioxide from blood with oxygen.
Blood circulation takes place in the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Blood Vessels: Blood vessels are tubes that carry blood throughout the body. They include:
* Arteries: These vessels carry blood away from the heart.
* Veins: These vessels carry blood back to the heart
* Capillaries: These are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries to veins
Blood, This consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.
 THE HEART
Heart is vital organ that plays a crucial role in the circulatory system.

 Right atrium (RA); the upper right chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the
body through superior and inferior venacava.

 Right ventricle (RA); the lower right chamber that pumps blood from the lungs through
the pulmonary artery.

 Left atrium (LA); the upper left chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
through the pulmonary vein.

 Left ventricle (LV); the lower left chamber that pumps oxygenated blood from the body
through the aorta.
Structure of the heart
Other parts;
Tricuspid valve; its between the right atrium and right ventricle.
Pulmonary valve; between the right ventricle and the pulmonary
artery.
Mitral valve; between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
Aorta valve; between the left valve and the aorta.
Epicedium: Outer layer, a thin membrane covering the heart and
attached to the pericardium (outer sac).
Septum: A wall dividing the heart into left and right sides
preventing the mixing of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated
blood.
 The heart cycle
Then heart cycle involves a sequence of events which alternates between two
phases, systole and diastole.

 During systole, the atria (the upper chamber) contracts pumping blood into
ventricles. This is called atrial systole. At the end of atrial systole, the
ventricles contract pumping blood out of the heart into the aorta (largest artery)
and pulmonary artery (carries blood to the lungs.)

 During diastole, (the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle), the heart muscles
relax allowing the heart to fill with blood. It begins at the end of ventricular
systole. Atrium relaxes allowing the to fill with blood from the veins (atrial
diastole) and ventricles relax allowing blood to fill with blood from the atria.
Changes that occur during;
Systole Diastole
Heart rate increases Heart rate decreases
Blood pressure increases blood pressure decreases
Heart muscle contracts Heart muscles relax
Valves between atria and Valves between atria and
ventricle close ventricles open
Valves between ventricles and Valves between ventricles and
arteries open arteries close
 Blood flow
Deoxygenated blood;
Deoxygenated blood flows from the body to the right atrium through the vena cava

Blood passes through tricuspid valve into right ventricle

Blood passes through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery then to lungs

Oxygenated blood;
Oxygenated blood flows from lungs through pulmonary vein into left atrium

Blood flows through the mitral valve into the left ventricle

It flows through the aortic valve to the aorta and finally supplied to all body parts.
Illustration of blood flow
 Deoxygenated blood with low oxygen levels and low pressure returns to the
heart's right atrium from the body through the superior vena cava (from the
upper body) and the inferior vena cava (from the lower body).
 To the Lungs: The deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right atrium into
the right ventricle. From there, it's pushed through the pulmonary artery to the
lungs.
 Oxygenation: In the lungs, the blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon
dioxide.
 Back to the Heart: The now oxygenated blood returns to the heart's left atrium
through the pulmonary veins.
To the Body: The oxygenated blood is pumped from the left atrium into the left
ventricle. This is the heart's strongest chamber, and it pumps the blood out of the
heart into the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body, and it carries
oxygenated blood to all parts of the body.
 BLOOD
Red blood cells/erythrocytes;
• Bi concave shape to increase surface area for transporting oxygen
• Lack nucleus to accommodate more hemoglobin
• Flexible cell membrane that enables cells to squeeze through narrow capillaries
• Contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen . Each hemoglobin can bind to four
oxygen molecules
 White blood cells/leucocytes
Leukocytes have a nucleus, unlike mature red blood cells. This allows for complex
cellular functions, such as protein synthesis
Many leukocytes contain cytoplasmic granules.
Examples include;
 Platelets
Platelets are small , colorless cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood
clotting
Platelet disorders
• Thrombocytopenia: This is when you have a low platelet count
• Thrombocytosis: This is when you have a high platelet count.
  Plasma
• Plasma is the liquid component of blood that makes up about 55% of the total
volume. It's a complex mixture of various substances, including:
• Water , primary component of plasma
• Proteins , Nutrients, Hormones ,Waste products etc.
Differences between arteries and veins
ARTERIES VIENS

• Supplies blood to all body parts • Carry blood back to the heart
• Thicker walls to withstand high • Have thinner walls due to low
pressure pressure of blood
• Generally lack valves • Have valves
• Have a narrow lumen • Have a wide lumen
• Often situated deeper in the body • Often located closer to the skin
 Heart sounds
Heart sounds are as a result of vigorous closure of the valves. There are two heart
sounds i.e.; "lub" and "dub".
Heart sounds can be heard by the help of a stethoscope or by pressing ones ear
against the sternum of another

The first heart sound (lub)

This is caused by the forceful closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves and the
recoil of blood against closed Atrio-ventricular valves.

The second heart sound(dub)

This is as a result of closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves and the recoil of
blood against the closed Semilunar valves.
 Excitation and control of heart
The cardiac conduction system is a collection of nodes and specialized
conduction cells that initiate and co-ordinate contraction of the heart muscle. It
consists of the Sino atrial node (pacemaker), Atrioventricular node,
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His ) and Purkinje fibres

An excitation signal (an action potential) is created by the sinoatrial (SA) node.
The wave of excitation spreads across the atria, causing them to contract.
Upon reaching the atrioventricular (AV) node, the signal is delayed.
It is then conducted into the bundle of His down the interventricular septum.
The bundle of fibres spread the wave impulses along the ventricles causing them
to contract.
illustration