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3 Memory of Comp

Uploaded by

pritamsut.sutradhar123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

• Computer memory is an internal storage area used to


store data and programs
• It can be divided into two groups: primary memory
and secondary memory.
• The primary memory is volatile, so the data can be
retained in it, only when the power is on. Moreover, it is
very expensive and therefore limited in capacity.

© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.


INTRODUCTION (Contd.)

• On the contrary, the secondary memory stores data or


instructions permanently, even when the power is
turned off. It is cheap and can store large volumes of
data. Moreover, data stored in auxiliary memory is
highly portable, as the users can easily move it from
one computer to the other.

© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.


CPU Registers

Cache
MEMORY HIERARCHY
The memory at a higher level in the
Primary
Memory
storage hierarchy has less capacity

Hard Disk
to store data, is more expensive and

Optical Disk
is fastest to access.

Magnetic
Tape

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PROCESSOR REGISTERS
Processor registers are located inside the processor and are
therefore directly accessed by the CPU. CPU instructions instruct
the arithmetic and logic unit to perform various calculations or
other operations on this data. Registers are the fastest of all forms
of computer data storage.

CACHE MEMORY
Cache memory is an intermediate form of storage between ultra-
fast registers and the RAM. The CPU uses cache memory to store
instructions and data that are repeatedly required to execute
programs thereby improving the overall system speed and
increase the performance of the computer.
© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.
© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.
TYPES OF RAMS
SRAM (Static RAM) and DRAM (Dynamic RAM): SRAM holds data
without an external refresh as long as it is powered. This is in
striking contrast with the DRAM which must be refreshed multiple
times in a second to hold its data contents.

SRAM occupies more space and is expensive as compared to


DRAM. While each transistor on a DRAM chip can store one bit of
information, the SRAM chip, on the other hand requires four to six
transistors to store a bit.
However, SRAM is faster and more reliable than DRAM. SRAM is
often used as cache memory.

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READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
ROM refers to computer memory chips containing permanent or semi-permanent
data. Unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile.
Most computers contain a small amount of ROM that stores critical programs
such as BIOS which is used to boot the computer when it is turned on.

Rewritable ROM chips include PROMs, EPROMs and EEPROMs.


Programmable read-only memory (PROM) can be written to or programmed using
a special device called a PROM programmer. The working of a PROM is similar to
that of CD-ROM recorder which enables the users to "burn" programs onto blanks
once.

© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.


READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) contd.

Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) can be erased and re-


programmed by exposing the chip to strong ultraviolet light for 10 minutes or
longer and then rewritten . The EPROM is much more useful than PROM and
can be compared with a reusable CD-RW.

Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) is based on a


similar semiconductor structure to EPROM, but allows its entire or selected
contents to be electrically erased, then rewritten electrically. The process of
writing an EEPROM is also known as flashing.

© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.


HARD DISK
A hard disk is a set of disks stacked together ,that has
data recorded electromagnetically in concentric circles
also known as tracks.
A single hard disk includes several disks that are
covered with a magnetic recording medium.

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Compact Disc Read-Only-Memory (CD-ROM)
It is a type of optical disc that uses laser technology to read and write data on the
disc. The information stored on CDROM becomes permanent and cannot be
altered. This means that the stored information can only be read for processing.

Digital Video Disk or Digital Versatile Disc (DVD-ROM)


It is an extremely high capacity optical disc with storage capacity from 4.7 GB to
17 GB. DVDs are widely used to store large databases, movies, music, complex
software etc.

Compact Disc Rewritable (CD-RW) is an erasable optical disk. The


user can write and over-write data on the CD-RW disc multiple times.

© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.


USB FLASH DRIVES
USB flash drives are removable, rewritable, and physically much smaller drives
weighing even less than 30 g.

Easily portable
• Have higher data capacity than any other removable media.
• Compared to hard drives, flash drives use little power
• Flash drives are small and light-weight devices
• Flash drives can be used without installing device drivers.

FLOPPY DISK
Floppy disks are data storage devices that consist of a thin magnetic storage
medium encased in a square plastic shell lined with fabric.

© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.


MAGNETIC TAPE

Magnetic tape is a thin strip of plastic coated with magnetic recording material.
These storage devices are used as sequential access secondary storage device.

MEMORY CARD
A small device that can store a wide range of files. They are easily portable from
one place to another
It implements flash memory to add/delete files multiple times.

© Oxford University Press 2012. All rights reserved.

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