Tutorials 4 Exit Exam

FLUID PROPERTIES
Fluids Matter can be in the form of solid, liquid and gas.
However, liquid and gas are both fluids.
Fluids are substances, which deforms continuously under the
application of shear force, no matter how small the force might
be.
And fluids are characterized by their ability to flow.
 For a fluid at rest, there is no shearing force acting.
 When a fluid is in motion shear stresses are developed if the
particles of the fluid move relative to one another.
 When this happens adjacent particles have different velocities.
 If fluid velocity is the same at every point then there is no shear
stress produced: the particles have zero relative velocity.
 Shear force is the component of the force that is tangent to
the surface, while average shear stress is the force
component tangent to the surface divided by the area of
the surface.
Fluid Properties The properties outlines
below are general properties of fluids which are
of interest in engineering.
• The symbol usually used to represent the
property is specified together with some
typical values in SI units for common fluids.
• The dimensions of each unit are also given in
the MLT system.
Intensive property:-it is the property of the fluid that
is independent of the fluid sample size. E.g.) a)
density - 100litere and 100000litere of water have the
same density (1000kg/m3). b) temperature-100litere
and 100000litere of water at the same pressure have
the same temperature.

Extensive property:-It is the property of the fluid that

is dependent on the sample size.
Example 2.1 Mass 1liter and 100 liter of
water have different masses. Mass= density *
volume Density of water is 1000kg/m3 So, 1
liter of water has a mass of 1kg and 1 00 liter
of water has 100kg.
Chemical property is about the interaction
of fluid with other chemical substances.
Physical Properties It is the property of fluid
without reference to any other fluid.

Density The density of the substance is the

quantity of matter contained in a unit
volume of the substance.
It can be expressed in three different ways. a)
Mass density (ρ) Mass Density, ρ, is defined as
the mass of substance per unit volume.
b) Specific weight/ unit weight/unit gravity
force, denoted by g (gamma) It is the weight per
unit volume.

SI unit N/m3 (usually KN/ m3) Dimensionally

(ML –2T-2) at 40c ‗g‘ for water is 9.806 / 9.81
KN /m3/ Mercury = 132943 N m-3, Air
=12.07 N m-3, Paraffin Oil =7851 N m-3
It changes with location on the earth‘s
surface depending upon g.
c) Specific gravity (S) or relative density
(ρl. dn.) It is defined as the ratio of mass of a body
to mass of an equal volume of a substance taken as
a standard (for liquids water at 40 c)
Example2.2 A 1000kg of oil at 200c has a volume of
1.5m3. Find:- a) Density of oil b) Unit weight c) Relative
density
Solution:-
Viscosity of Fluid Viscosity is the property of fluid
which, by virtue of cohesion and interaction between
fluid molecules offers resistance to shear deformation.
 Different fluid deform at different rates under the
action of shear stress.
 Fluids with high viscosity such as syrup deform
relatively more slowly than low viscosity fluid such
as water.

Prove this Equation.

Coefficient of Dynamic Viscosity The Coefficient of
Dynamic Viscosity, m, is defined as the sheer force,
per unit area, (or shear stress τ), required to drag one
layer of fluid with unit velocity past another layer a unit
distance away.
Compressibility and Elasticity of
Fluids All fluids are compressible under
the application of an external force and
when the force is removed they original
volume exhibiting the property that stress
is proportional to volumetric strain.
If the pressure of a volume of fluid is increased
by dp, it will cause a volume decrease dv.
Newtonian and Non - Newtonian Fluids፡- Even
among fluids which are accepted as fluids there
can be wide differences in behavior under stress.
Fluids obeying Newton‘s law where the value of m
is constant are known as Newtonian fluids.
If m is constant the shear stress is linearly
dependent on velocity gradient. Fluids in which the
value of m is not constant are known as non-
Newtonian fluids
Surface Tension Denoted By S (GK.
SIGMA) ፡-Liquid poses the property of
cohesion and adhesion due to molecular
attraction.
Due to the property of cohesion, liquid can
resist small tensile force at the interface
between the liquid and air, known as surface
tension.
Vapor Pressure ፡-The vapor pressure of a
liquid is the (generally small) pressure at
which the liquid vaporizes or boils as it
changes from the liquid to the gaseous or
vapor state.
The vapor pressure is strongly dependent
on temperature.
Viscosity of Fluid፡- Viscosity is the property
of fluid which, by virtue of cohesion and
interaction between fluid molecules offers
resistance to shear deformation. Different
fluid deform at different rates under the
action of shear stress.
The deformation which this shear stress causes is measured by
the size of the angle F and is known as shearing strain.
In a solid shear strain, F, is constant for a fixed shear stress but a
fluid F increases for as long as shear stress is applied-the fluid
flows

It has been found experimentally that the rate of shear

stress (shear stress per unit time, τ/time) is directly
proportional to the shear stress.
If the particle at point τ (in the above figure) moves under
the shear stress to point E‘ and it takes time t to get there,
it has moved the.
Method two፡- Consider a fluid confined between two
plates which are situated a very short distance y- apart.
The lower plate is stationary whilst the upper plate is
moving at a velocity v. Hence; the fluid in immediate
contact with the moving plate has a velocity v and with
the stationary plate has zero velocity. The experimental
observation that the fluid ―sticks‖ to the solid
boundary is very important one in fluid mechanics and
is usually referred to as the no slip condition. All fluids
satisfy this condition.
F is the force required to move the surface at constant
velocity.
If distance y and velocity V are not great, the velocity
variation (gradient) will be a straight line. Experiments
show that, F is directly proportional to A and V and
inversely proportional to thickness Y.
Coefficient of Dynamic Viscosity፡- The
Coefficient of Dynamic Viscosity, m, is defined as
the sheer force, per unit area, (or shear stress τ),
required to drag one layer of fluid with unit
velocity past another layer a unit distance away.

Kinematic Viscosity፡- Kinematic Viscosity, v, is

defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to
mass dens
Relative Equilibrium

Translation and Rotation of fluid masses፡- If

a body of fluid is subjected to motion such that no
layer moves relative to adjacent layer, shear
stress doesn‘t exist within the fluid.
In other words in any moving fluid mass if the fluid
particle don‘t move relative to each other, they
are said to be in static condition and a relative or
dynamic equilibrium exists between them under
the action of accelerating force and fluid pressure
as everywhere normal to the surface on which
Uniform linear acceleration ፡-A liquid in an open vessel subjected to
uniform acceleration adjusts to the acceleration after some time so that it
moves as a solid and the whole mass of liquid will be in relative
equilibrium. A horizontal acceleration ax causes the free liquid surface to
slope upward in a direction opposite to ax and the entire mass of liquid is
the under the action of gravity force, hydrostatic force and the inertia
force Mxa.

Continuity Equation The continuity equation is a mathematical

statement of the principle of conservation of mass. Since fluid is neither
created nor destroyed within the region it may be stored that the rate of
increase of mass contained within the region must be equal to the.
Area of elementary Tube = dA1 Area of elementary Tube = dA2
Equations of motion;- Gravity forces (Fg): is due to the weight of the
fluid Fg = mg Where m is mass of the body and g is acceleration due
to gravity
.

Pressure force (Fp): Fp = pxA where P is pressure intensity and

A is cross sectional area of the flowing fluid.
Viscous forces (Fv): Fv = τxA where, τ is shearing resistance
Surface tension (Fs): important when the depth of flow is
extremely small. Fi = σxl Where, σ is surface tension and l is
length.
Force due to compressibility Fc: significant in problems of
unsteady flow like water hammer.
Force due to turbulence (Ft):- the continuous
momentum transfer between layers in highly
turbulent flow results in normal and shear
stresses know as Reynolds's stress. Generally,
from Newton‘s 2nd law of motion:-
Energy and Head ;-A liquid in motion may possess three forms of
energy. a) Potential energy /elevation /positional energy/ b) Pressure
energy: c) Kinetic energy

Bernoulli’s Equation;- Basic assumptions in derivation of Bernoulli‘s

equation:
The flow is Steady and incompressible type of flow,
 Frictionless and non-viscous flow,
 No shaft work - no pump or turbines on the streamline,
 No transfer of heat - either added or removed.
 Consider a cylindrical element of stream tube having cross-sectional area
dA length ds and unit weight g as shown in motion along a streamline.
This is called Bernoulli‘s Equation which
states that the total energy at all points in a
For More
details
See More
on…
I THANK U !