Motion

Rubia Anwar
Lecturer in Physics
Dept. of Textile
Southeast University
Phone: 01743196686
Email: [email protected]
Distance and Displacement

• Distance: the measurement of the length between two points

• Displacement: the CHANGE in an object’s position (straight line
between start and end points)
• NOTE: An object can travel a large distance and still have zero
displacement
• Distance is SCALAR (e.g. 10km) while Displacement is a VECTOR
(e.g. 10km South)
• For example: If you run a 5km on a circular course, your distance
traveled is 5 kilometers, regardless of where you started and
finished.
• However, your displacement is ZERO if you finish where you started.
Speed, velocity, acceleration

• Speed is the rate of change of distance(basically how

much distance(m) has been covered in a particular
time(s)).
• Velocity is the rate of change of displacement( change
of distance in a particular direction with respect to time)
• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity per unit of
time.(Amount of increase or decrease in velocity). Also,
speed is a scalar quantity but velocity and acceleration
are vector quantities.
Formula
 Distance-over-time graph

•NOTE: in a distance-over-time graph, Distance must

ALWAYS be on the Y-Axis, while Time must ALWAYS be
on the X-Axis
•If the graph is increasing, the object is IN MOTION
•If the graph is flat-lining, the object has STOPPED
•Distance-over-Time graphs CANNOT DECREASE!!! Only
Displacement Graphs can decrease.
•Distance-Over-Time graphs must always be above the x-
axis.
 Displacement-over-time graph

•NOTE: in a distance-over-time graph, Distance must

ALWAYS be on the Y-Axis, while Time must ALWAYS be
on the X-Axis
•If the graph is flat-lining, the object has STOPPED
•If the graph is increasing, the object is moving further
from the origin
•If the graph is decreasing, the object is moving closer to
the origin
•If the graph intersects the x-axis, the object is at its
starting point.
Displacement-over-time graph
•Graph plotted between position/displacement
on the y - axis and time t on the x - axis is
called position/displacement - time or x -
t graph.

•Slope of the x - t graph gives velocity.

•Area under the graph is the area the curve

encloses with x - axis. Area under the v -
t graph gives the displacement of the body
•Area under the v-t curve gives
displacement
 Velocity Time
Graph
•A graph plotted between velocity v on the y -
axis and time t on the x - axis is called the v -
t graph.
•Slope of the v - t graph gives acceleration.
•Area under the v - t graph gives
displacement.
'Curved lines' on a distance time graph indicate that the speed is changing. The object is
either getting faster = 'accelerating' or slowing down = 'decelerating'. You can see that
the distanced moved through each second is changing.
When describing the motion of an
object try to be as detailed as
possible. For instance...During 'Part
A' of the journey the object
travels +8m in 4s. It is travelling at
a constant velocity of +2ms-1

During 'Part B' of the journey the

object travels 0m in 3s. It
is stationary for 3 seconds

During 'Part C' of the journey the

object travels -8m in 3s. It is
travelling at a 'constant velocity'
of '-2.7ms-1' back to its starting point,
our reference point 0.
• Question 1.
A person walks 10 m in the positive direction in 5
seconds, then stops for 2 seconds, and then walks
15 m in the negative direction for 5 seconds. Draw
his displacement-time graph.
• Answer: The motion can be
summarized as follows:
• (i) 10 m in the positive direction
from 0 to 5 seconds.
• (ii) At rest from t = 5 to t = 7 s
• (iii)15 m in the negative
direction from t = 7 to t = 12 s
• Question 2.
• The x - t (position time graph) of an object
moving in a straight line is shown. Calculate the
average velocity in the time interval
• (i)t = 2 to t = 4 s
• (ii)t = 4s to t = 6 s
2. answer
• Question 3. Given below is a v – t graph,
• find out
(i) displacement in first 3 seconds
(ii) acceleration in first 3 seconds.
3. answer
Question 4. From the displacement time
graph given below, find velocity?

Equation of straight line

4. answer
Resolving Vectors along X and Y
Axis
• a vector on an X-Y plane

Using Coordinate Axes Unit Vectors

Derivation of equation of trajectory
• https://www.vedantu.com/jee-main/physics-derivation-of
-equation-of-trajectory
Moment of Force or Torque

A force acting at any distance from a

point will tend to produce a rotation
around that point. The moment or
turning moment of a force around a
point is equal to the force multiplied
by the perpendicular distance from
the line of force to the point.
Example 2
Types of Friction:
• Static friction
• Kinetic friction
• Rolling friction
• Fluid friction
• Angle of friction
1. A hockey puck is hit on a frozen lake and starts moving with a
velocity of 13.0 m/s. It travels across the ice and 6.0s later, the
velocity is 7 m/s. What is the coefficient of friction between the
puck and the ice?

2. A 248 kg object moving at 19 m/s comes to stop over a

distance of 38 m. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the surfaces?

3. A force of 36.0N acclerates a 6.0kg block at 7.0m/s2 along a

horiztonal surface. How large is the friction force? What is the
coefficient of kinetic friction?
 Moment of inertia

• The formula for the moment of inertia is the “sum of the

product of mass” of each particle with the “square of its
distance from the axis of the rotation”.
• The formula of Moment of Inertia is expressed as
I = Σ miri2.
• A measure of a body's resistance to angular acceleration, equal to the
product of the mass of the body and the square of its distance from the
axis of rotation.
Find the moment of inertia of a disc of mass 3 kg and radius 50 cm about the
following axes.
i. axis passing through the center and perpendicular to the plane of the disc,
ii. axis touching the edge and perpendicular to the plane of the disc and
iii. axis passing through the center and lying on the plane of the disc.

The mass, M = 3 kg, radius R = 50 cm = 50 × 10−2 m = 0.5 m

• About which of the above axis it is easier to rotate the disc?
• It is easier to rotate the disc about an axis about which the moment of inertia is
the least. Hence, it is case (iii).