TRAINING ON FIBER

OPTICS
S-16 Fiber fusion splicer

S-16 Fiber fusion splicer is a robust and stable model, used for
both indoor and outdoor projects. it is with the upgrade the CPU
to get the faster operation speed. It is also with the latest fiber
alignment technology to get the low fusion loss. It is suitable for
MAN/Telecommunication/FTTx and other related fiber optical
Features
•1s boot up, 6s splicing, 18s heating
•4 motors accurate fiber alignment
technology
•Fast splicing and heating, automatic ARC
calibration
•Inductive automatic heater, upgraded
quad-core CPU
•76cm dropping anti-shock, IP5X dustproof
and IPX2 waterproof
Fiber cleaver X-50

• Fiber cleaver X-50 is a very high precision fiber cleaver with small size
and stable performance, it is a good tool for your fiber optical
projects.
Multifunction Handheld SM MM OTDR X2100
optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR)

• Various wavelength and dynamic ranges are available

• Touch-sensitive and solid physical button, robust design
• Excellent for short-range measurement, Dead zone: 0.8m/4m
• Maximum sampling resolution:5cm
• VFL, power meter, laser source, GPS, Wifi/Bluetooth, IOT are optional
Three Holes Fiber Stripper
(250um/900um/3.0mm)

• This three-hole fiber stripper is an exceptional tool recommended for

stripping 250µm coated fiber and 900µm/3.0mm buffer tube. It has
precise laser drilled hole, soft plastic-cushioned handle grip, and
super accurate hardened stripping jaws, ensuring smooth clean
stripping action. It can also be locked to hold tool closed when it is
not in use.
• Suitable for 250um/900um/3.0mm fiber stripping
• Super accurate hardened stripping jaws
• Ensure smooth clean stripping action
Fiber Optic Fusion Splicing Tool
Kit X 20B

Specially for optical fiber fusion splicing. It includes

all the most frequently need tools and supplies
required for cable sheath removal and fusion
splicing.
A fiber optic cable is a network cable that contains
strands of glass fibers inside an insulated casing.
They're designed for long-distance, high-
performance data networking, and
telecommunications. Compared to wired cables,
fiber optic cables provide higher bandwidth and
transmit data over longer distances. Fiber optic
cables support much of the world's internet, cable
television, and telephone systems.
Fiber or fibre optic technology is an effective cabled-based communication
system. It is reliable, versatile, and widely used in many applications and
industries.
Optical fibre cabling is used to transfer information via pulses of light, which
pass along one or more transparent plastic or glass pipes. In some cases,
this can be more than several hundred pipes. Each of these strands is little
wider than an average hair, and is normally surrounded by a further layer of
cladding which is also in plastic or glass but constructed at a different
density to the main inner strand.
A sheath made up of several layers of insulated casing is also wrapped
around the cladded fibres. This usually comprises of a protective wrapper,
known as a buffer tube, followed by a final outer jacket designed to protect
the entire multi-stranded cable
 How Fiber Optic Cables
Work
• A fiber optic cable consists of one or more strands of glass, each only slightly thicker
than a human hair. The center of each strand is called the core, which provides the
pathway for light to travel. The core is surrounded by a layer of glass called cladding
that reflects light inward to avoid loss of signal and allow the light to pass through
bends in the cable.
• The two primary types of optical fiber cables are single mode and multi-mode. Single-
mode fiber uses extremely thin glass strands and a laser to generate light, while multi-
mode optical fiber cables use LEDs.
• Single-mode optical fiber networks often use Wave Division Multiplexing techniques
to increase the amount of data traffic that the strand can carry. WDM allows light at
multiple different wavelengths to be combined (multiplexed) and later separated (de-
multiplexed), effectively transmitting multiple communication streams through a
single light pulse.
In understanding how optical fibres work and how data is sent through optic cables, it is important to note
that there are multiple components involved in the construction of an optical fibre. All are required to ensure
successful fibre optic installation. The glass strands themselves are absolutely central to the system, but
there is also a number of other key parts that play a role in effective data transfer along optical fibres.
Firstly, a source of light is needed to transmit information pulses along the transparent strands of plastic or
glass tubing strands at the cable's core. This is usually created either by a tiny laser or by an LED source,
which receives an input signal coming from the optical transmitter circuitry and converts it to a light pulse
before bouncing it along the fibre cores.
Secondly, the glass fibres themselves must be surrounded by an additional glass or plastic cladding layer.
This will have a different refractive index for light passing through it than the core strands. These refractive
differences between the cladding and the glass fibres it surrounds are what allow the incoming light pulses
to be bent at particular angles as they travel the length of the cable.
The rays of light remain inside the transparent fibre cable parts as a
result of the reflective internal properties. They move along the cable
run's full length, bouncing in a zig-zag pattern to navigate bends. At
various points, they might be converted into electrical signals before
turning back into light pulses again. Additional components called
repeaters are used for this and it is done to maintain high signal
strength for longer cable runs.
After travelling at approximately 70% of the speed of light for the
majority of the journey, the light signals can eventually be interpreted as
communications or data signals once they arrive at their intended
destination. Receiving equipment is used to convert them to the desired
output.
TYPES OF FIBER OPTIC CABLE
MULTI0MODE FIBER OPTIC CABLE
• Two popular sizes of multimode fiber exist today for use in commercial
applications: 50 micron and 62.5 micron. Each has a common cladding
diameter (125 microns), but different core diameters (50 microns and 62.5
microns). Several standards address both sizes to varying degrees of depth.
ANSI/TIA/EIA-492-AAAA and ANSI/TIA/EIA-492-AAAB are two popular
sources of information. Either provides all of the necessary details for
complete fiber.
• However, you must add the optical performance level (attenuation and
bandwidth). There are a number of standards you can reference to cover
the optical performance aspects of the specification. The most well-known
standard today is IEEE 802.3z for Gigabit Ethernet. The Table, above,
compares several specifications of international standards.
There is, however, one area in which the standards fall short of fully
encompassing all the characteristics of a multimode fiber. Fiber
manufacturers have responded by developing alternate
measurements and product guarantees to fill the void. The
resulting laser-optimized fibers show superior performance in laser-
based systems. They are currently offered as a performance option
not covered by standards, and they must be addressed separately in a
user specification. Lasers are proving to be better light sources than
LEDs, which are traditionally used with multimode fiber. As their
prices fall and their performance improves, lasers are gaining wider
acceptance.
 SINGLE MODE FIBER OPTIC CABLE
• Recent advances have increased single-mode fiber versatility. The
introduction of the erbium doped fiber amplifier has extended long-haul
(cross-country, not local links) system reach, and technologies for dense
wavelength division multiplexing have led to the introduction of new fiber
types for single-mode applications. Nearly all long distance telephone,
Internet, and cable-TV links use single-mode fiber.
• With demand increasing for bandwidth on data networks and LANs, single-
mode fiber is becoming steadily more popular in new applications. Many
installations include multimode fiber for current systems and single-mode
fiber in the event of future expansion — sometimes in the same cable. In
these cases, the multimode fibers are terminated for immediate use, and the
single-mode fibers are coiled, taped, and left for future use.
Standard single-mode fiber was introduced to the commercial
telephony market in 1983. While dimensional tolerances and optical
performance have improved over the years, the design of single-
mode fiber has, for the most part, remained the same. In the 1990s,
LAN standards began to include options for standard single-mode
fiber. To distinguish it from some of the newer specialized fibers,
older versions of single-mode are referred to as dispersion-
unshifted single-mode fiber. Just as for multimode, a national
standard enumerates all the requirements for this type of fiber.
ANSI/TIA/EIA-492-CAAA includes all of the details necessary to
specify this type of fiber, as well as several additional optical
performance options.
Advantages of Fiber Optic
Cables
•Fiber optics support a higher capacity. The amount of network
bandwidth a fiber cable can carry easily exceeds that of a
copper cable with similar thickness. Fiber cables rated at 10
Gbps, 40 Gbps, and 100 Gbps are standard.
•Because light can travel for much longer distances over a fiber
cable without
Fiber losing
cables offer several its strength,
advantages the
over long-distance need
copper cabling.for signal boosters is

lessened.
•A fiber optic cable is less susceptible to interference. A copper
network cable requires shielding to protect it from
electromagnetic interference. While this shielding helps, it is not
sufficient to prevent interference when many cables are strung
together in proximity to one another. The physical properties of
fiber optic cables avoid most of these problems.
Fibre optic cabling has several major characteristics which provide a strong advantage compared to
traditional copper conductor cables.
Key advantages of optical fibres include:
•Distance - because of their low signal power loss rate, fibre optic cables are able to carry optical
signals over far longer distances than older types of cabling. With the ideal combination of network
setup, materials, and wavelength, some single fibre optics are effective at carrying signals over
hundreds of kilometres. In comparison, standard copper cables have a limitation of 328-feet for good
quality transfer distance
•Bandwidth and data transfer - copper data cables offer quite limited bandwidth as opposed to fibre
optics
•Speed - fibre optic cables enjoy a significant speed advantage compared to other data transfer
modes because they use light pulses as the primary information conveyance source. In this regard,
fibre typically outstrips the expected performance of even high-grade copper cables such as Cat5 and
Cat6
•Interference - much more protection is provided against interference and cross-talk by fibre optics
than metal cables. This is because fibre does not carry a physical electrical signal
•Reliability and safety - although optical fibre cables are usually a lot lighter and thinner, they are
also sturdier. This means that they can withstand far greater forces and therefore the chances of
incurring breakage or damage across long runs are less likely. Fibre is not influenced by moisture,
poor weather, or extreme temperatures nearly as much as copper-based wiring. Additionally, as glass
fibres do not carry current, they are not fire hazards even if they are ageing or damaged
Cable
• While the fiber specification covers the compatibility with (and performance of)
the optical system, the fiber must be physically encased in a cable to survive its
environment. It is important to specify the type of cable and its characteristics in
addition to those of the fiber.
• Commercial optical cables can be categorized as one of three types: outdoor,
indoor, or indoor/outdoor. In the United States, indoor cables must meet one of
four classifications for flame resistance. This is a primary design consideration.
Outdoor cables, on the other hand, must be able to withstand extreme
temperatures and resist the effects of water, sunlight, moisture, and wind and ice
loading.
• Indoor/outdoor cables must possess the characteristics of both cable types.
However, it is the specialized materials and additional components that go into
these cables that distinguish them from others. Though they are generally more
expensive, indoor/outdoor cables can frequently eliminate the need for a splice
point in the system.
Cable specifications

• A detailed cable specification would consider all of the environmental and regulatory
factors that pertain to the installation environment. These include temperature,
mechanical loading, moisture, sunlight, flammability, rodents, and chemicals. To fully
specify each cable, a test or measurement method and criteria are also necessary.
Fortunately, you can use standards to simplify this task.
• Two sister documents published by the Insulated Cable Engineers Association (ICEA)
are very useful as detailed product specifications. ANSI/ICEA S-87-640, “Standard for
Outside Plant Communications Cable,” and ANSI/ICEA S-83-596, “Standard for Fiber
Optic Premises Distribution Cable,” cover outside and inside plant cables, respectively.
A third document, to be designated S-83-696, is under preparation for indoor/outdoor
cables. In addition to detailed references for test method, loading, and failure criteria
for finished cable, these documents also include similar details for optical-fiber cable.
ANSI/ICEA S-83-596 also includes a summary of the flammability listing requirements
from the NEC.
 one can ensure inclusion of a full battery of environmental-
and mechanical-type testing and failure criteria.
With single-mode and multimode fiber, as well as indoor,
outdoor, and indoor/outdoor cable choices, installers have a
multitude of cabling permutations to choose from.
Purchasing the right combination can be a daunting task.
However, knowing how to write effective specifications can
reduce the confusion and make installing structured cabling
a manageable project.
Indoor cables
Indoor optical cables are designed for flexibility,
tensile strength, ease of handling, and flame
retardancy. In the United States, indoor cables must
also meet one of the listing categories in Art. 770 of
the NEC.
The most popular type of indoor cable is tight-
buffered, in which the individual fibers are directly
coated with a protective layer of plastic. This makes
the cable easy to route in cabinets and outlets, and it
provides compatibility with field-installable
connectors. When they are terminated in cabinets,
tight-buffered cables may be directly connectorized
and do not need a fan-out or end preparation kit.
Outdoor cables
Outdoor cables are designed to withstand the rigors of
outdoor installation for a lifetime of 20 to 40 years.
Outdoor cables must have a wide operating
temperature range, be resistant to sunlight and
moisture, and have sufficient tensile strength for long
pull distances. Use loose tube design in the cable
structure to isolate the glass fibers from the
mechanical stresses that can be induced throughout
the service life. To field-connectorize a loose tube
cable, splice on preterminated connector pigtails, or
apply an end preparation kit to protect the individual
fibers. The Sidebar, at the bottom of the page, is an
example of an outdoor plant cable specification.
Waterblocking is important in outdoor cables for
preventing the accumulation of water in the cable core,
where the water can freeze and transfer stress to the
glass fibers. Historically, waterblocking has been
accomplished with grease or gel in the cable core.
Recently, dry tapes and yarns impregnated with super
absorbent polymer compounds have begun to replace
grease and gel. In most cases, cables intended for direct
burial underground should incorporate a steel tape
armor to prevent rodents from chewing through to the
core. For aerial installation, outdoor optical-fiber cables
must be lashed to a messenger wire. In addition,
integrated messenger wire cables with a figure eight
cross section are available, as are all dielectric self-
Power Transmission by Optical
Fibers for Component Inherent
Communication
• INTRODUCTION The concept of optical powering has been initially mentioned by
scientist In the late 1970s he presented a paper describing the activation of a
remote sound alerter by optical means only
• 1. Since this work has been published, different systems have been developed to
take advantage of optical power. All researchers are guided by the advantages of
optical power transmission which are based on the immunity to all forms of
electromagnetic interference, short circuits and sparks
• 2. Optical fiber is less bulky than copper cabling and is capable to operate over
long distances
• 3. It is also resistant to corrosion and moisture
• 4. The field of applications is widely spread. The technology is applied to systems
for remote sensing, for powering networks and is even used in medical
applications
6. Generally there are two different architectures used for optical
power transmission, wavelength division multiplex (WDM) and
space division multiplex (SDM) or a combination of both
7. The second section of this paper will outline WDM and SDM.
Afterwards the use of these technologies for optical power
transmission will be explained in detail citing diverse examples. In
the third section different parameters such as photovoltaic
converter efficiencies, temperature and illumination related losses,
fiber attenuation and coupling losses will be specified. Based on the
state of the art a new method for optical power transmission by
dispensed POF has been developed. A prospect of this new method
and its application within component inherent communication will
be given. Finally a summary will complete this paper.
APPLICATIONS OF POWER BY LIGHT
SYSTEMS
• Overview of Power by Light Systems Besides the research mentioned
above, different scientists have worked on the development of
optically powered systems. Many papers deal with optical power
delivery for network applications. In the early 1990s a review of
alternatives for powering equipment at the customer end of an
optical Customer Access Network has been done by Kuhn . At this
stage he mentioned optical power delivery as an elegant solution, but
this specific application was not feasible by then because the
delivered optical power did not meet the requirements. Within
experimental investigations he reached an overall output power of 0.5
W
. Fiber optic power and signal transmission system for a local area
network . A system module for passive optical networks, which
deliver the power using the same fiber bundle that is transmitting
the data, is described by Werthen.
For powering a remote node within network applications, Lee
used WDM. Optically powered splitters fiber optic manifolds
monitoring systems and signal measurement for feedback control
are further applications. Furthermore, Peña designed a 205 mW
system to power remote units. In experimental setups, for example
to determine the characteristics of radiated electric fields of
anechoic chambers and in medical applications to power eye
implants power transmission via optical fibers is of main interest.
Examples for remote optical powering of
Space Division Multiplex Used for Optical Power
Transmission Separate or multiple fibers are used
for SDM technology
• . Below different application examples are described in detail to give an
overview of the capability of this technology. A remote power supply unit
for an electrically isolated sensor system. This system, using one optical
fiber for energy supply and the second fiber to transfer the signals, is
capable to supply a voltage of 5 V at the remote part. Optical power of
about 15 mW is launched into a 200/230 µm gradient index fiber. Inside the
measuring head a power converter transfers the optical power back to
electrical energy. Therefore, GaAs-diodes connected in series are used.
They have a circular shape and deliver an electrical energy of 6 mW. Once
the power storage device, represented by a capacitor, reaches a value of 5
V, the sensor head sends a short impulse to indicate readiness of operation.
Recharge time for the power storage device is about 500 ms.
Wavelength Division Multiplex Used
for Optical Power Transmission
• Liu and co-workers set up a system to provide power and signals at
different wavelengths. They are multiplexed to a single 50 µm core step
index fiber and demultiplexed at the remote side of the unit. The idea
behind this system configuration is an optimization for data detection
and power conversion. Therefore different transmitters and receivers are
used. A 40 mw laser (820 nm) for power supply and an laser (1300 nm)
for data transmission are affixed on the transmitter side. Three large
area GaAs photovoltaic cells convert the power. The 820 nm wavelength
signal is split into three beams with a power ratio of 2:2:1 to supply a
photo detector (used for signal detection at 1300 nm) and a
preamplifier. For collimating the laser beams gradient index rod lenses
are used and for multiplexing a dichroic filter
CLEAN SDI SIGNAL VS UNCLEAN SDI
SIGNAL
What is Attenuation and Latency in
Signaling
• In a nutshell, attenuation is the loss of transmission signal strength
measured in decibels (dB). As it increases, the more distorted and
unintelligible the transmission (e.g. a phone call or email you’re trying
to send) becomes.
• To combat the distortion, networks send multiple repeat signals to
ensure at least one successfully reaches its destination. The main side
effect of this is a reduction in total speed available due to those extra
signals being sent.
What Causes Attenuation and
Latency?
• Noise. Extra noise on networks, like radio frequencies, electrical
currents, and wire leakage, may interfere with the signal and cause
attenuation. The more noise you have, the more attenuation you
experience.
• Physical surroundings. Physical surroundings like temperature, wall
barriers, and improper wire installation may distort the transmission.
• Travel distance. The further transmissions have to travel from their
current location (e.g. your home or workplace) to a Central Office
(C/O; the location of your connection provider), the more noise they
experience along the way.
Attenuation Rates in Fibre vs.
Copper
• Attenuation may occur to any type of signal whether it be copper, fibre, satellite,
LTE, or even that overly-catchy pop song on the radio. When it comes to fibre and
copper connections, however, fibre far outshines the alternatives.
• Fibre signals travel on high-frequency wavelengths of light insulated by glass
tubes. Since light is resistant to sources of noise like electricity and radio
frequencies, fibre connections have a very low attenuation rate.
• (Fun fact: Sharks love the taste of fibre cables. Luckily Google loves reinforcing
those cables even more).
• Since copper signals are made up of electrical frequencies that are susceptible to
noise, they are much more affected by physical surroundings than fibre. Anything
from temperature to improper installation (this stuff ain’t your average DIY) may
affect the copper line and increase the attenuation rate.
Mini Converter Optical Fiber 12G
Extend SDI connections over extremely long distances by converting to
optical fiber!
Now you can extend SDI massive distances up to 10 miles away!
Mini Converter Optical Fiber 12G converts SDI to optical fiber and optical
fiber to SDI in both directions at the same time, so it’s like getting two
converters in one. You can even have different video standards going in each
direction! The 12G-SDI connections are multi rate, which makes it
compatible with all SD, HD and Ultra HD formats and equipment up to 2160p
60, including Level A and B devices. The fiber socket lets you install any
standard 3G, 6G or 12G-SDI SFP optical fiber module so you can send SDI
using the same low cost optical fiber cables that are commonly used for
computer networks. Plus, the included international power supply has a
locking connector so the power cannot be accidentally disconnected!
Advanced Video Technology
True broadcast quality for professional use
With the highest quality 10-bit video processing and
low jitter SDI, Mini Converters are ideal for the stringent
requirements of broadcast, post production and
professional AV. You get incredibly low noise levels when
moving between analog and digital video formats. Low SDI
jitter and full SDI re-clocking means you can run long cable
lengths without any loss of video quality. Specific models
include up/down/cross conversion that lets you move easily
between PAL and NTSC SD video standards and the high
number of HD formats, and then all the way up to massive
3840 x 2160 Ultra HD resolutions!
THERE ARE MORE TO TALK ABOUT
ON FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION IN
FUTERE WE WILL LIKE TO COME
BACK ON THIS.
THANK YOU ALL, GOOD DOING BUSINESS
WITH YOU.
GOD BLESS