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Chapter 3_NUCLEUS (1)

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12 views

Chapter 3_NUCLEUS (1)

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tamilavatar06
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THE NUCLEUS

WITH THE BLUE PRINT TO CREATE US


Q

Nuclear localization signals are not cleaved off after


transport into the nucleus, whereas the signal
sequences for import into other organelles are often
removed after import.

Why do you suppose it is critical that nuclear


localization signals remain attached to their proteins?
KKKRK K – Lysine

R – Arginine
DEFINITION
• Membrane-enclosed organelle

• which carries
• GENETIC INFORMATION &
• REGULATORY MACHINERY

• Provides the cell with its unique characteristics


Euchromatin = can be transcriptionally active
Heterochromatin =
too compacted,
nuclear envelope
transcriptionally inactive

Nucleolus Nucleoplasm
NUCLEUS

• Nuclear envelope: The barrier

• Chromatin: With the genetic and the epigenetic code

• The Nucleolus: The ribosome production factory.

• The Nucleoplasm: The nuclear sap

• Nuclear matrix: The nuclear scaffold


How many membranes?
1. Outer membrane and the ER
2. Inner membrane with nuclear specific proteins

• How many nuclear pores?


• 1000s

The nuclear envelope


THE BARRIER
Nuclear envelope and lamina
cytoplasm

N. lamina

Nuclear
pore

heterochromatin
THE NUCLEAR SKELETON

Nuclear lamina
Intermediate filaments (lamins)
• Mechanical support
• Anchor DNA and proteins (i.e., chromatin)
to envelope
Nuclear lamina
Lamins are filamentous proteins in
the intermediate filament family

Lamin
phosphorylation
in prophase
disassembles
the nuclear
lamina & allows
for nuc. envel.
breakdown
GATEWAYS ACROSS THE BARRIER
THE NPC FUNCTION
Movement of RNAs and proteins

To appreciate the magnitude of the traffic between the two major cellular
compartments, Consider a HeLa cell, which is estimated to contain about
10,000,000 ribosomes.

To support its growth, a single HeLa cell nucleus must import approximately
560,000 ribosomal proteins and export approximately 14,000 ribosomal
subunits every minute.
In One Minute
Import 60,000 protein molecules into the
nucleus

Export 50–250 mRNA molecules, 10–20


ribosomal subunits, and 1000 tRNAs out
of the nucleus.

∼1000 translocations every second


STRUCTURE

3 basic elements:
THE CENTRAL CORE
THE NUCLEAR BASKET
CYTOPLASMIC FIBRILS
NPCS: Dynamic
• Huge, supramolecular complex
• 5 to 30 times the mass of a ribosome that exhibits
octagonal symmetry
• NPCs contain about 30 different proteins, called
Ribosome 4 Mda, 70
nucleoporins(Nups)

LARGE MOLECULES?
• FUNCTIONAL DIAMETER:9 nm
• DILATE UP TO: 26 nm

Aquaporin 6.5 nm
How does the cell know what protein need to
imported into the nucleus?

NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION SIGNALS ( NLS)

• Tag that directs the proteins to nucleus


• One or 2 sequences rich in positively charged
amino acid.
KKKRK – in Simian Virus 40 (SV40)
NUCLEOLUS

The most prominent substructure

1. rRNA transcription and processing

2. ribosome assembly
NUCLEOPLASM
• Highly viscous liquid that surrounds the
chromosomes and nucleoli.

• Many substances such as nucleotides (necessary


for purposes such as the replication of DNA) and
enzymes (which direct activities that take place in
the nucleus) are dissolved in the nucleoplasm.

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