TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (HMAWBI)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN AND FLOW ANALYSIS OF FRANCIS TURBINE

BY USING CFD SOFTWARE

Pre-Defence
Date-24.10.2024

Presented By:
Ma Khaing Mar Lwin
ME.Mech-1 1
 Board of Examiners

1. Dr. Win Thurein Chairman

Ph.D(Mech)
(Professor and Head )
2. Daw Chaw Wint Yee Zaw Supervisor
ME(Mech)
Associate Professor
3. Daw Khin Mar Ko Member
ME(Mech)
Associate Professor
4. Dr.Ei Mon External Examiner
Ph.D (Mech)
Professor
2
 Outlines of Presentation
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Aim and Objectives
 Implementation Program
 Scope of Thesis
 Outline of Thesis
 Components of Francis Turbine
 Working Principle of Francis Turbine
 Design Theories and Calculation of Francis Turbine
 Simulation Results of Francis Turbine
 Discussions, Conclusion and Recommendation
 References
3
 Abstract
A water turbine is one of the most important parts to generate electricity in hydroelectric power
plants.

The objectives of this thesis are to design and analyze the flow behaviors of Francis Turbine.

Main components of Francis turbine are spiral casing ,guide vanes, turbine runner and draft
tube.

After calculating the casing, guide vanes, runner and draft tube, created their geometries by
using Solid Work software 2019. And then, the flow is analyzed on the assembly model.

This turbine is designed to produce 40 MW electric powers from the head of 65 m and flow
rate of 70 m^3/s. The rotational speed of turbine is 214.3 rpm.

The guide vane angle and the inlet blade angle are 28° and 61° respectively. 4
Continued

Numerical method has also been used to calculate and predict the efficiency of the turbine.

The three types of number of blades and guide vanes have been characterized.

The characterized number of blades are 13, 15,16 and number of vanes are 14, 16, 17.

The five types of flow rates have been used in numerical analysis. The used flow rates are 60
m3/sec, 65 m3/sec, 70 m3/sec, 76 m3/sec and 82 m3/sec.

Velocity and pressure distributions within the flow domain have been also characterized.

 Flow analysis is used to determine the efficiency with different flow rate.

5
 Introduction
¨ Hydro Power is an eco-friendly clean power generation method that has been widely used
throughout the world.

¨ The Hydro Power that can be obtained from a stream of water depends on the amount of
water flowing and the height from which it flows down the pipe to the turbine.

¨ Hydraulic Turbines convert hydraulic energy of water into mechanical energy which is
further converted into electrical energy.

¨ Hydraulic Turbines are devices used in hydroelectric generation plants that transfer the
energy from moving water to a rotating shaft to generate electricity .

¨ Francis Turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow
concepts and the most common water turbine in used today. 6
 Aim and Objectives
 The main aim to perform this thesis is to design and flow analysis of Francis Turbine with
different flow rates to increase efficiency and avoid cavitation which is designed to drive the
generator that can be supplied easily to the remote or rural areas and industrial zone to
generate electricity.

The main objectives of this thesis are described as the following:

(1)To study about the hydropower plant and types of hydraulic turbine.
(2)To study the operation and working principle and the components of Francis Turbine.
(3)To study the theory of Francis Turbine.
(4)To calculate the design of Francis Turbine.
(5)To analysis the flow behaviors of Francis Turbine by using CFD simulation software
(6)To compare the theoretical and numerical result. 7
 Implementation Programs

The implementation programs of this thesis are as following;

Selecting the turbine types.

Collecting the required books and references to calculate the Francis turbine design.

Studying the relating theoretical knowledge, various types of water turbines, main
components and structure of Francis turbine for medium hydro-electric power plant.

Modelling the design of Francis Turbine according to theoretically calculated data by using
Solid Work Software.

Analyzing the effect of flow rate on turbine output power, turbine efficiency by using by
Solidworks software.
8
 Scope of Thesis
To study the theories and techniques for the Francis turbine.

After selecting the turbine, the main parameters are calculated.

The drawing of this turbine is described by using solid work software.

the flow behaviors of Francis turbine can be predicted depending on the constructed

turbine

Efficiency and power of Francis turbine are calculated and then velocity and pressure

distributions are analyzed with SolidWorks software.

a comparison of power and efficiency is made with the numerical simulation and

theoretical results. 9
 Outline of Thesis

Chapter one - Introduction

Chapter two - Literature review

Outline of Thesis Chapter three - Background Theory of

Francis turbine
Chapter four - Design calculation of
Francis turbine

Chapter five –Numerical Simulation

of Flow Analysis
Chapter Six- Discussions, Conclusion and
Recommendation
 Components of a Francis Turbine

• Spiral CASING: The runner is completely enclosed in an air-tight spiral casing. The
casing and runner are always full of water.
• GUIDE vanes: It consists of a stationary circular wheel on which stationary guide vanes
are fixed. The guide vanes allow the water to strike the vanes of the runner without shock
at inlet
• RUNNER: It is a circular wheel on which a series of curved radial guide vanes are fixed.
• DRAFT TUBE: It is used for discharging water from the outlet of the runner to the tail
race.

11
Figure- Components of Francis Turbine
 Working Principle of Francis turbine

The water is allowed to enter the spiral casing of the turbine, which lead the water
through the stay vanes and guide vanes.
 The spiral case is kept in decreasing diameter so as to maintain the flow pressure.

 The stay vanes being stationary at their place, removes the swirls from the water,
which are generated due to flow through spiral casing and tries it to make the flow of
water more linear to be deflected by adjustable guide vanes.
 The angle of guide vanes decides the angle of attack of water at the runner blades thus
make sure the output of the turbine.

13
 Design Theories and Calculation of Francis Turbine

The required design data of Francis turbine are as following;

Descriptions Symbols Value Unit

Effective Head H 65 m

Rated Speed N 214.3 rpm

Power Developed P 40 MW

Hydraulic efficiency 90 %

Overall Efficiency 85 %
Calculation of Specific Speed,

Where, =Specific Speed (rpm)

N =Rated Speed (rpm)
H =Design Head (m)
P = Power Output (kW)
15
Calculation of Normal Efficiency,

Calculation of Maximum Efficiency,

16
Calculation of Theoretical Power,

= =

Calculation of Turbine Efficiency,

17
Calculation of Volume Flow Rate,

Where, = normal efficiency(%)

= specific speed (rpm)
= maximum efficiency (%)
= turbine efficiency (%)
18
Table 4.1.Turbine flow rates values at various head according to table A.1
Head Flow Rate

55 60

60 65

65 70

70 76

75 82

19
 Basic design of a Francis turbine runner
Runner is the main component of the turbine that converts water power to the rotation of
shaft power. Runner is a circular wheel on which a series of radial curved vanes are fixed.

Figure. Runner Dimension

20
Calculation of Speed Ratio,

Calculation of Runner Inlet Diameter,

21
Calculation of Runner Outlet Diameter,

Calculation of Runner Inlet Height,

22
Calculation of Runner Outlet Height,
Where,
the speed ratio
N = Rated speed (rpm)
= Runner inlet diameter (m)
= Runner outlet diameter (m)
Calculation of Runner Discharge Diameter,
= Runner discharge diameter (m)
= Runner inlet height (m)
= Runner outlet height (m)

23
Calculation of Runner Runway Speed, Calculation of Runner Critical Speed,

Calculation of Velocity and Angle in Velocity Triangle

Inlet peripheral velocity, Outlet peripheral velocity,

m/s
m/s

24
 Outlet flow velocity,

7.4 m/s

Inlet whirl velocity,

Figure . Ideal Velocity Diagram of Francis Turbine

Inlet flow velocity,
21.021 m/s
(
11.32 m/s
25
Calculation of Runner blades and Guide vanes angles at inlet and outlet
Assume the discharge is radial.ie, β=90°

From Velocity triangle diagram,

Inlet absolute velocity, Guide vane angle at inlet,

m/s

m/s Guide vane angle at outlet,

26
Runner blade angle at inlet, Runner blade angle at outlet,

Inlet relative velocity, Outlet relative velocity,

m/s 33.2 m/s

27
Where, = specific speed(rpm),
N = rated speed (rpm)
= runner runway speed (rpm)
= runner critical speed (rpm)
= velocity of whirl at inlet (),
= velocity of whirl at outlet ().
= inlet flow velocity ()
= outlet flow velocity ()
= inlet peripheral velocity ()
= outlet peripheral velocity ()
= inlet absolute velocity ().
= outlet absolute velocity ().
28
Table 4.2. Calculation Results Table of Different Flow Rates
No Descriptions Symbols Results
1 Flow Rate (m^3/s) Q 60 65 70 76 82
2 Inlet Peripheral Velocity (m) 27.3 27.3 27.3 27.3 27.3

3 Outlet Peripheral Velocity(m/s) 32.32 32.32 32.32 32.32 32.32

4 Inlet Flow Velocity(m/s) 9.7 10.51 11.32 12.29 13.26

5 Outlet Flow Velocity(m/s) 6.32 6.84 7.36 7.99 8.63

6 Inlet Whirl Velocity(m/s) 21.02 21.02 21.02 21.02 21.02

7 Outlet Whirl Velocity(m/s) 0 0 0 0 0

29
8 Inlet Absolute Velocity 23.15m/s 23.5m/s 23.88m/s 24.35m/s 24.85m/s

Outlet Absolute Velocity(m/s)

9 6.32 6.84 7.36 7.99 8.63

Angle of guide vanes angle

10 α 25° 27° 28° 30° 32°
inlet
11 Angle runner blade at inlet θ 57° 59° 61° 63° 65°
12 Guide vane angle outlet β 90° 90° 90° 90° 90°
Angle of runner blade at
13 ϕ 11° 12° 14° 15°
outlet

14 Inlet Relative Velocity(m/s) 11.56 12.26 12.95 13.8 14.6

15 Outlet Relative Velocity(m/s) 32.93 33 33.2 33.3 33.5

30
 Calculation of number of runner blades,

Number of runner blades, 13 to 16 blades

The number of guide vanes is usually taken one more or less than that of runner blades.
Since the number of runner blades is odd number. The number of guide vanes is chosen to
even as a rule.
Choose, Number of guide vanes = 14 to 17 31
Calculation of Torque, Calculation of Water power,

Calculation of Shaft Power,

Calculation of Generator Power Output,

.2

32
Calculation of Runner Shaft Diameter, Blade efficiency,

Calculation of blade efficiency,

The loss of kinetic energy per unit mass,

J/kg 33
Calculation of Degree of reaction (R), Calculation of Cavitation Factor

34
where, = density of water

= overall efficiency(%)

= shaft power (kW)

e = loss of kinetic energy per unit mass (J)
= runner vanes angle at inlet (degree)
= runner vanes angle at outlet (degree)
= the blade efficiency of turbine ()
R = degree of reaction (degree)
, = cavitation factor
= specific speed (rpm)
35
 Performance under Unit Head

Calculation of Unit Speed, Unit Discharge and Unit Power

For predicting the performance of a given turbine under difference heads, it is usual
practice to first obtain the output under unit head. The unit power is the output of a turbine
if the head is reduced to unity (i.e , 1m).

Unit speed, Unit Discharge, Unit Power,

 Design calculation of parameters for casing

The spiral casing also known as the volute or scroll casing is a key component of a
Francis turbine.

Fig. Dimensions parameters of casing

37
38
39
)
F= 4.68 m

G= 3.9 m

H=3.4 m

40
I=0.75 m

L=2.97 m

M=1.8 m

41
 Design Parameters of Draft Tube
The main dimensions of the draft tube indicated in Fig. would be obtained
in following equation:

Fig. Conical Draft Tube

42
Draft tube head is,
Y= 4 D3
Y= 4x 2.99
Y= 11.96 m

Draft tube exit diameter is,

Dout = 2 D3
Dout = 2 x 2.99
Dout = 5.98 m

The absolute velocity at the inlet to the draft tube is,

= 9.8 m/s
43
The draft tube exit velocity from equation 3.67 is,

=
0.9 =

V4 = 3.45 m/s

44
 Pressure variation in the Francis Turbine

Figure shows the direction of flow of water through the Francis turbine. The pressure
at salient points can be obtained by the application of the Bernoulli’s equation. It is
convenient to consider energy per unit weight (not mass).
From Penstock

Runner vane

A
Guide vane

A – penstock outlet
B – guide vane inlet
C – runner inlet
D – runner outlet
D

C
Scroll casing B

Figure-Direction of flow of water through the Francis turbine

Let be the total head at B, equal to effective head H.

= 3.71 m.

46
 Applying Bernoulli’s theorem to the points C at the inlet of the runner and point D at the outlet to the
runner, the loss of head in the runner is,

Let be the total head at C, equal to effective head H.

= 3.7 m.

47
 Calculation Result of Francis Turbine
Table 4.3. Calculation Result Table of Francis Turbine
No Descriptions Symbols Results
1 Specific speed 232.23 rpm
2 Normal Efficiency 86%
3 Maximum Efficiency 91%
4 Theoretical Power 47 MW
5 Partial Load Efficiency 90.4%
6 Volume Flow Rate Q 70
7 Speed Ratio 0.762
8 Runner Inlet Diameter 2.43 m
9 Runner Outlet Diameter 2.88 m
10 Runner Inlet Height 0.81 m
11 Runner Outlet Height 1.05 m 48
12 Runner Discharge Diameter 2.99 m
13 Runner Runway Speed 401.4 rpm
14 Runner Critical Speed 802.8 rpm
15 Number of Runner blades 13 to 16 blades
16 Torque T 1787.8 KN-m
17 Shaft Power 40.2 MW
18 Water Power 44.64 MW
19 Generator Power output 34.2 MW
20 Shaft Diameter 0.596 m
21 Blade Efficiency 95.5%
22 Degree of reaction R 0.291
23 Cavitation Factor 0.232
24 Unit speed 26.6 rpm
25 Unit discharge 8.7
26 Unit power 1.8 MW

49
 A 3.34 m
B 3.99 m
C 4.6 m
D 5.1 m
E 3.75 m
27 Casing Design Parameters F 4.68 m
G 3.9 m
H 3.4 m
I 0.75 m
L 2.97 m
M 1.8 m
28 Draft tube head Y 11.96 m
29 Draft tube exit diameter 5.98 m
30 Draft tube exit velocity 3.45 m/s
31 Draft tube inlet velocity 9.8 m/s
32 Loss of head in guide vanes 3.71 m
50
33 Loss of head in runner 3.7 m
Numerical Simulation of Flow Analysis

Figure . Flow Chart for Simulation Procedure 51

 Physical Model for Francis Turbine

The runner of the turbine, the most important rotating part, is designed with the aid of
SolidWorks Software. The isometric views of runner and 3D model of cross-flow turbine
are shown in Figures 5.2 and 5.3.

Figure . Isometric View of the Runner Figure . 3D Model of Francis Turbine

52
 Boundary Conditions
 The boundary conditions for the turbine are inlet and outlet. The inner face of the inlet
cover is giving inlet boundary condition at the flow rate of 70 m 3/sec and the inner face
of the outlet cover is giving the outlet boundary condition at the static pressure equal to
the environmental pressure 101325Pa as shown in Figure 5.5.

53
Figure . Inlet and Outlet Boundary Condition
 Results
The velocity distribution and pressure distribution are shown in the following. The
output power and the efficiency are shown as results.
Table 5.1. Comparison of velocity between theoretical and numerical result for 13 blades
Flow Rate Absolut Velocity Theoretical Simulation % Error

60 V1 23.15 m/s 13.29 m/s 43%

65 V1 23.5 m/s 19.856 m/s 16%

70 V1 23.88 m/s 25.091 m/s 5%

7 V1 24.35 m/s 30.379 m/s 20%

82 V1 24.9 m/s 35.123 m/s 29%

Table 5.1shows comparison of velocity between theoretical and numerical result for 13
blades. From these results, the velocity of 70 m3/sec is too low the error percentage between
54
the theoretical and simulation result. Therefore, the design is satisfied.
Figure 5.6. Velocity Distribution of Q = 60 m3/sec Figure 5.7. Velocity Distribution of Q = 65 m3/sec
(13 blades and 14 vanes) (13 blades and 14 vanes) 55
Figure 5.8. Velocity Distribution of Q = 70 m /sec
3 Figure 5.9. Velocity Distribution of Q = 76 m3/sec

(13 blades and 14 vanes) (13 blades and 14 vanes)

56
 Table 5.2. Comparison of velocity between theoretical
and numerical result for 15 blades

Flow Absolut Theoretica

Simulation % Error
Rate Velocity l

60 V1 23.15 m/s 20.128 m/s 13 %

65 V1 23.5 m/s 20.627 m/s 12%

70 V1 23.88 m/s 26.504 m/s 10%

7 V1 24.35 m/s 28.505 m/s 15%

Figure 5.10. Velocity Distribution of Q = 82 m /sec
3

(13 blades and 14 vanes) 82 V1 24.9 m/s 29.504 m/s 16%

Table 5.2 shows comparison of velocity between theoretical and numerical result for 15
blades. From these results, the velocity of 70 m 3/sec is too low the error percentage between
57
the theoretical and simulation result.
Figure 5.11. Velocity Distribution of Q = 60 m 3/sec Figure 5.12. Velocity Distribution of Q = 65 m 3/sec

(15 blades and 16 vanes) (15 blades and 16 vanes)

58
Figure 5.13. Velocity Distribution of Q = 70 m3/sec Figure 5.14. Velocity Distribution of Q = 76 m3/sec

(15 blades and 16 vanes) (15 blades and 16 vanes)

59
 Table 5.3. Comparison of velocity between theoretical and
numerical result for 16 blades

Absolut
Flow Rate Theoretical Simulation % Error
Velocity

60 V1 23.15 m/s 19.222 m/s 17 %

65 V1 23.5 m/s 22.124 m/s 6%

70 V1 23.88 m/s 23.992 m/s 1%

7 V1 24.35 m/s 24.901 m/s 2%

Figure 5.15. Velocity Distribution of Q = 82 m 3/sec
82 V1 24.9 m/s 27.012 m/s 8%
(15 blades and 16 vanes)

Table 5.3 shows comparison of velocity between theoretical and numerical result for 16
blades. From these results, the velocity of 70 m 3/sec is too low the error percentage between
60
the theoretical and simulation result.
Figure 5.16. Velocity Distribution of Q = 60 m3/sec Figure 5.17. Velocity Distribution of Q = 65 m3/sec
(16 blades and 17 vanes) (16 blades and 17 vanes)

61
Figure 5.18. Velocity Distribution of Q = 70 m3/sec (16 Figure 5.19. Velocity Distribution of Q = 76 m3/sec

blades and 17 vanes) (16 blades and 17 vanes)

62
 35

30

25

Velocity (m/s)
20

15

10

0
60 65 70 76 82

Flow Rate (m3/s)

13 B & 14 V 15 B & 16 V 16 B & 17 V

Figure 5.20. Velocity Distribution of Q = 82 m3/sec Figure 5.21. Numerical Simulation of Velocity
(16 blades and 17 vanes) Distribution using Different Flow Rates

According to this Fig.5.21, velocities are become higher when the flow rates are larger.
63
Figure 5.22. Pressure Distribution of Q = 60 m3/sec Figure 5.23. Pressure Distribution of Q = 65 m3/sec
(13 blades and 14 vanes) (13 blades and 14 vanes)
64
Figure 5.24. Pressure Distribution of Q = 70m3/sec Figure 5.25. Pressure Distribution of Q = 76 m3/sec
(13 blades and 14 vanes) (13 blades and 14 vanes)
65
Figure 5.26. Pressure Distribution of Q = 82 m3/sec Figure 5.27. Pressure Distribution of Q = 60 m3/sec

(13 blades and 14 vanes) (15 blades and 16 vanes) 66

Figure 5.28. Pressure Distribution of Q = 65 m3/sec Figure 5.29. Pressure Distribution of Q = 70 m3/sec
(15 blades and 16 vanes) (15 blades and 16 vanes) 67
Figure 5.30. Pressure Distribution of Q = 76 m3/sec Figure 5.31. Pressure Distribution of Q = 82 m3/sec

(15 blades and 16 vanes) (15 blades and 16 vanes) 68

Figure 5.32. Pressure Distribution of Q = 60 m /sec
3 Figure 5.33. Pressure Distribution of Q = 65 m3/sec

(16 blades and 17 vanes) (16 blades and 17 vanes) 69

Figure 5.34. Pressure Distribution of Q = 70 m3/sec Figure 5.35. Pressure Distribution of Q = 76 m3/sec

(16 blades and 17 vanes) (16 blades and 17 vanes)

70
 13 B & 14 V 15 B & 16 V 16 B & 17 V

1500

1200

Pressure (kPa)
900

600

300

0
60 65 70 76 82

Flow Rate (m3/s)

Figure 5.36. Pressure Distribution of Q = 82 m3/sec Figure 5.37. Numerical Simulation of Pressure
(16 blades and 17 vanes) Distribution using Different Flow Rates

According to this Fig.5.37, pressure on the 13 blades and 14 vanes are become smaller when
the flow rates are larger. 71
 Table 5.2. Comparison of Theoretical and Simulation Results of Efficiency
Flow Rate Theoretical Results Simulation Results Error Percentage

60m3/sec 89.88% 91 % 1%

65m3/sec 89.87% 92 % 2%

70m3/sec 89.89% 93 % 3%

76m3/sec 89.89% 96 % 6%

82m3/sec 89.89% 50 % 44 %

Table 5.2 shows comparison of theoretical and simulation results of efficiency for
different water flow rate. At the simulation value, the efficiency is 93% at 70 m3/sec flow
rate. The theoretical value of the efficiency is obtained 89.89%. When comparing the
theoretical and simulation values, the design is satisfied according to the actual flow rate used
72
in case study, which has the lowest error percentage among at least three values.
 100 96 50
92 93 46.9
89.88 91 89.87 89.89 89.89 89.89
90 46.9
45
80
41.6 43.6
70
40
38.2 40.1
60
Efficiency, %

Power ,MW
50 34.9 37.3
50 35
34.4
40
30
30

20 25.3
25
10

0 20
60 65 70 76 82 60 65 70 76 82

Flow Rate, m3/s Flow Rate, m3/s

Theoretical Numerical
Theoretical Numerical

Fig.5.38. Theoretical and Simulation of Efficiency Results using Fig. 5.39. Theoretical and Simulation of Power Results using
Five Different Flow Rates (13 blades and 14 vanes) Five Different Flow Rates (13 blades and 14 vanes)

In figure 5.38 and 5.39, the efficiency and power was found changes, depending on the flow
rate values. But, the efficiency decreases again at 82 m 3/sec.
73
 100
80 77 78 77
89.88 89.87 89.89 89.89 89.89
90
75

80
70
66
70
65

60
Efficiency, %

60

Power, MW
50 45 55
42 52
39
40 50 46.9
33
30 28 43.6
45
40.1
20 40
37.3
10 35 34.4

0 30
60 65 70 76 82 60 65 70 76 82

Flow Rate ,m3/s Flow Rate, m3/s

Theoretical Numerical Theoretical Numerical

Fig. 5.40. Theoretical and Simulation of Efficiency Results using Fig. 5.41. Theoretical and Simulation of Power Results using
Five Different Flow Rates (15 blades and 16 vanes) Five Different Flow Rates (15 blades and 16 vanes)

In figure 5.40 and 5.41, the efficiency are too low in simulation values and the power are too
high in simulation values. Therefore, 15 blades and 16 vanes of turbine is not suitable for these
flow rates. 74
 100
50
89.88 89.87 89.89 89.89 89.89 46.9
90
45 43.6
80
40.1
70 68
40
37.3
60 57
Efficiency, %

34.4

Power, MW
35
50 48 47
42 30
40 30
28
25
30 24
25
20
20
10 18

0 15
60 65 70 76 82 60 65 70 76 82

Flow Rate, m3/s Flow Rate, m3/s

Theoretical Numerical Theoretical Numerical

Fig. 5.42. Theoretical and Simulation of Efficiency Results using Fig. 5.43. Theoretical and Simulation of Power Results using
Five Different Flow Rates (16 blades and 17 Five Different Flow Rates (16 blades and 17 vanes)
s)
. In figure 5.42 and 5.43, the efficiency of 70 m3/s flow rate is the maximum efficiency of turbine and the
power of these flow rates are too low in simulation values. Therefore, 16 blades and 17 vanes of turbine is not
suitable for these flow rates. According to the results of the three types of blades and vanes, 13 blades and 14
75
vanes of turbine is the best because of its efficiency is highest.
 Discussions
 A complete design of Francis turbines has been presented in this research. The complete
design parameters of runner diameter, runner height, blades number, casing parameters,
blade angles and vane angles, turbine velocities, cavitation factor and draft tube
parameters were determined.
 The theoretical and numerical results of the Francis turbine are compared in this thesis.
 The runner inlet, outlet and discharge diameter are 2.43m, 2.88m and 2.99 m. The
runner inlet and outlet height are 0.81m and 1.05m. The specific speed, 232.23 is also
satisfied within the limit range (60 ≤ Ns ≤ 400). The number of blades use for this
research are 13 to 16.
 To generate power, it is important to calculate torque due to the hydraulic forces about
the axis of rotation of the runner. 76
 Conclusion
Detailed drawing for Francis turbine are drawn by SolidWorks software. The numerical
analysis for this study was performed in SolidWorks 2019 with its subprograms, namely:
Geometry, Mesh, Boundary Condition, Goal, Results.

The objectives of this study were to analyze the flow behavior of the Francis turbine inside the
runner and to characterize its performance for different flow rates.

Flow analysis has been carried out on turbine with different flow rates which are suitable for
turbine by using SolidWorks 2019 software.

The used flow rates are 60m3/sec, 65m3/sec, 70m3/sec, 76m3/sec and 82m3/sec. In this
numerical study, the optimize efficiency is 93% which is occurred at flow rate 70 m3/s in 13
blades and 14 vanes of turbine. The optimize output power is 41.6 MW. For this design, the
77
suitable flow rate and number of blade for turbine are 70 m /sec and 13 blades.
3
 Recommendation
Further studies could be recommended as follow:
Spiral shape casing is used in designed Francis turbine. The Francis turbine should be tested
with other casing shape. The other simulation software should be changed to study Francis
turbine.
It is recommended that to use ANSYS software to simulate flow rate of the turbine.
To get more efficiency of turbine, more analysis on blades and inside the runner should be
performed in details.
To improve performance of turbine, guide vane design and vane angle can be considered.
Adjusting guide vane angle more dynamically could help minimize hydraulic losses when
operating at lower or higher flow rates.
Modification to the draft tube geometry may help reduce the pressure drop at higher flow
rates. Francis turbine should be tested with other draft tube shape.
Selecting appropriate materials for the turbine components, especially the runner and guide
vane regions could enhance the turbine's durability and performance. Erosion-resistant
materials should be considered to ensure long-term efficiency and reduce maintenance costs.
78
 References

[1], Dr.K.R.ARORA , “ Fluid MechanicsHydraulic and Hydraulic Machines II”.

[2] Miroslav Nechleba,1957, “Hydraulic Turbine, their Design and Equipment”
Czechoslovakia.
[3] Kamlesh Purohit, S.P.Harsha,R.K.Purohit, “Hydraulic and Hydraulic Machines “
Rajasthan Technical University. .
[4] Tun Oke U, “Design and Calculation of Francis turbine (runner)”,(Sept 2009)
[5] C.C.Warnick,“Hydropower Engineering”, University of Ldaho Moscow, Idaho.
[6]Modi P.N and Seth. S.M,1982, “Hydraulic and Fluid Mechanics”, Standard Book
House,Delhi.
[7] Einar Agnalt, Pressure measurements inside a Francis Turbine Runner, (Oct 2014)
Kurosawa, Design Optimization Method for Francis Turbine, (Dec 2014).
79
 Thank you so much.

Your comments and Suggestion,

Please!