CONTROL

AND
COORDINATIO
N
 Control and Coordination
• The changes in the
environment to which the
organisms respond and react
are called stimuli.
• The working together of the
various organs of an
organism in a systematic
manner so as to produce a
proper response to a
stimulus, is called
coordination.
Coordination in Animals
– A system made up of nerve cells is called
Nervous system.
– The control and coordination in higher
animals takes place through nervous
system and endocrine system.
– We have fie sense organs in our body, they
are known as receptors.
– A receptor is a cell (or a group of cells) in a
sense organ which is sensitive to a
particular type of stimulus such as light,
sound, smell, taste, heat, pressure etc.
CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN ANIMALS
 Human nervous System
 The human nervous system receives information from the
surroundings, processes it, interprets it and then responds
accordingly.
 It consists of two parts
 Central Nervous system
 Brain and Spinal Cord
 Peripheral Nervous System
 Nerves
 Cranial Nerves
 Spinal Nerves
 Visceral Nerves
Types of Nerves
 All the receptors in the sense
organs receive stimuli from the
surrounding environment and send
the message conveyed by them to
the spinal cord and brain in the
form of electrical impulses through
the sensory nerves.
 Another type of nerves called
motor nerves transmit the
response from the brain and spinal
cord to the effectors in the form of
electrical impulses.
 The relay nerves are present in
between the sensory and motor
neurons which passes information
between sensory and motor nerves.
 NEURO
N
• The unit of nervous system is called
as nerve cell or neuron.
• Neuron is the longest cell in the
body
• The neurons carry messages in the
form of electrical impulses.
• It has three basic components
– Cell body
– Dendrites
– Axons
 Movement of nerve impulses
• Thecell body consists of a nucleus and
cytoplasm
•A number of thin fibres stretching out from
the body called as nerve fibres. The shorter
fibres are called dendrites.
• The longest fibre is the axon.
• The axon has a protecting covering sheath
called as Myelin sheath ( made up of fat
and protein). Myelination, as it is called, can
greatly increase the speed of signals
transmitted between neurons
•A microscopic gap between a pair or
adjacent neurons over which nerve
impulses pass when going from one neuron
to the next is called as Synapse.
 MOVEMENT NERVE IMPULSES
 The receptor in a sense organ is in
touch with dendrites of sensory
neuron.
 The stimulus initiates a chemical
reaction which produces an
electrical impulse in it.
 The impulse travel from dendrite to
cell body , axon and then to the
nerve ending.
 There electrical impulse releases
little amount of chemical substance
into the synapse.
 This chemical substance crosses the
gap and start similar electrical
impulse in the dendrite of next
neuron.
NERVE IMPULSE PATHWAY
 Types of Nerves based on position

 There are three types of nerves

 Cranial Nerves ( Present in head connected to
brain)
 Spinal Nerve ( Rest part of body connected to
spinal cord)
 Visceral Nerve ( Present in internal organ
connected to spinal cord)
 NERVOUS ACTIONS
• Living organisms respond to specific changes in the
environment in the form of movement or actions called
nervous actions
• There are three types of nervous actions.
• Involuntary actions: Control and Coordination of the function of
internal organs. Controlled by mid brain and hind brain. Eg:
Beating of heart, blood pressure, peristaltic movement
• Voluntary actions : performed under conscious direction of the
brain. Controlled by cerebellum. Eg: Cutting vegetable, Dancing,
writing, playing
• Reflex actions: Actions which are automatic, mechanical and
immediate response to a stimuli. Controlled by spinal cord. Eg:
Removal of hand from a hot pan,
Reflex action

 The rapid, spontaneous, automatic

response to a stimulus is known as
reflex action.
 The pathway taken by nerve
impulses in a reflex action is called
the reflex arc.
 The reflexes of this type which
involve only the spinal cord are
called spinal reflexes.
 The reflex action which involve brain
are called cerebral reflexes.
( Dilation of eyes when the light
changes)
Movement of nerve impulse in Reflex action
 CNS

– The Central Nervous System consists

of Brain and Spinal Cord.
– Brain is the highest coordinating
center of the body.
– It is protected by different layers.
– Cranium
– Meninges : Dura mater, Arachnoid, Pia
mater
– Cerebro-spinal fluid
 Brain

– Brain is divisible into three regions

– Fore brain
– Mid brain
– Hind brain
– The fore brain is the center of intelligence. It has 2
parts
– Cerebrum
– Diencephalon--- Thalamus, Hypothalamus
 Fore brain- Cerebrum

 Cerebrum:
 It is the largest part f the brain.
 Responsible for consciousness,
thinking, memory, learning,
reasoning, intelligence
perception, stimulus
interpretation
 All the voluntary actions of
the body are coordinated by
the cerebrum.
FORE BRAIN- DIENCEPHALON

• It is concealed by the cerebrum.

• It has 2 parts
• Thalamus : Its function is to relay
sensory impulses to the fore brain.
Regulate the activity of smooth
muscles ( Chewing, swallowing) It has
the center for taste, pain, touch,
temperature, blood pressure etc.
• Hypothalamus : It is the control center
for hunger, fatigue, sleep, sweating,
body temp, emotion etc.
Mid Brain

 It is also known as Mesencephalon mostly

responsible for motor movement

 The midbrain controls the reflex movement of

the head, neck and trunk in response to visual
and auditory stimuli

 It controls the reflex movements of eye

muscles, changes in pupil, size and shape of
lens
Hind Brain
 The hind brain consists of three parts.
 Cerebellum
 Pons
 Medulla oblongata
 Cerebellum: It maintains posture, equilibrium, and muscle
tone and coordinate body movements like walking,
dancing etc.
 Pons: It takes part in regulating respiration. Regulate
breathing.
 Medulla oblongata: Located at the base of the skull. It
controls involuntary action like heart beat, blood pressure
peristaltic movement. It’s the control center of reflexes like
coughing, vomiting, sneezing, secretion of saliva
  It’s a cylindrical
structure.
 It is enclosed within a
bony cage called

Spinal vertebral column.

 Spinal cord is also
cord surrounded with
meninges.
 31 pair of nerves arise
from spinal cord
 https://youtu.be/eqTny3xtFcc Brain str and fn
Hormones

 Hormones are the chemical substances which

coordinates the activities of living organisms
and their growth.
 In animal body they are directly poured into
the blood.
 They are also known as chemical messenger.
 In human body we have two types of glands
 Exocrine gland
 Endocrine glands
 Endocrine system
 A group of endocrine glands
which produces various
hormones is called an
endocrine system.
 In addition to nervous
system, the endocrine
system also helps in
coordinating the activities of
the body.
Hypothalam
us
Location Hormone Function Hypos Hypersec
ecretio retion
n
Present in Releasin Regulate
brain g secretions
hormone, of
Inhibitor hormones
y of Pituitary
hormone gland
 Location Hormone Function Hypose Hypersecre
cretion tion
Anterior Growth Regulate Dwarfis Gigantism
Pituitary lobe hormone (GH) protein
metabolism
m

Gland Present at Thyroid Stimulate Thyroid

brain stimulating thyroid atrophy
hormone secretion
(TSH)
Luteinising Secretion of
hormone testosterone,
ovulation
Follicle Spermatogene
stimulating sis, growth of
hormone follicle
(FSH) &estrogen
secretion
Prolactin Stimulate milk
production and
secretion
 Location Hormone Function Hyposecr Hyperse
etion cretion
Intermediat Melanocyte Control skin
e lobe stimulating colour
hormone
Posterior Oxytocin Contraction of
lobe uterus during

Pituitary child birth

Gland Vasopressin Increase the

(ADH) reabsorption of
Diabetes
insipidus
Increase
BP
water from
kidney
Thyroid Gland

Location Hormone Function Hyposecretion Hypersecreti

on
In the neck Thyroxin Promotes Goiter Exophthalmic
tissue goitre ( Eye
metabolism, ball),
growth and myxodema
differentiatio
n
Both side of Calcitonin Prevent
trachea, movement of
below the Ca ions from
 Pancreas

Location Hormone Function Hyposecr Hypersecreti

etion on
Abdomen below
the stomach
Beta cells Insulin Lower blood sugar Diabetes
level mellitus
Alpha cells Glucagon Rises blood sugar
level
Delta cells Somatostat Control the secretion
in of insulin and
Adrenal Gland
Location Hormone Function Hyposecret Hypersecreti
ion on
Attached with
the kidney
Adrenal Cortex Cortisol & Regulate
Corticosterone Carbohydrate, protein
and lipid metabolism
Aldosterone Regulate mineral ion
conc.
Androgen Stimulate dev. Of
ext. chr. of males
Adrenal Adrenaline & Whip up
medulla Noradrenalin metabolism in
e emergency by
increasing BP and
heart beat
 PARATHYROID GLAND
Location Hormone Function Hyposecretio Hypersecreti
n on
Near Parathormo Regulate Ca, P Hardening of Softening of
thyroid ne metabolism Bones bones
gland Hypocalcemia Hypercalcemia
 THYMUS GLAND
Location Hormone Function Hyposecre Hypers
tion ecretio
n
Just behind Thymosin Prod. Of
the chest antibodies and
bone immune
system, dev. Of
sex glands

Prod. Of antibodies and immune system, dev. Of sex glands

GONADS
Location Hormone Function Hyposecretion Hypersecretion
Testis Testosterone Sperm production,
development of
Masculine features
Ovary Oestrogen Egg production,
Development of
secondary feminine
characters
Progesterone Regulate the condition
of endometrium if
uterus. Helps in
maintenance of
pregnancy
 Feedback mechanism
• The excess or deficiency of hormones has a harmful effect
on our body.
• The timing and amount of hormones released by various
glands are controlled by the feedback mechanism, which
is in-built in our body
• Eg: If the secretion of insulin increases in our body then
the production of glucagon increases to control the insulin
Plant Hormones or Phytohormones
 The control and coordination in plants is done by plant
hormones or phytohormones.
 There are five different types of hormones are present in
plant
 Auxin
 Gibberellins
 Cytokinins
 Abscisic acid
 Ethylene
 AUXINS
• Auxins promote cell enlargement and cell differentiation.
• It promotes stem and fruit growth.
• It controls as response to light (phototropic) and gravity (geotropic)
movement.
• Auxin move away from light and towards gravity.
• It is made by the cells of meristematic tissue
• It promotes the root elongation.
PLANT HORMONE

GIBBERELLINS ABSCISIC ACID

• These hormones work in presence • This hormone is a growth inhibitor.
of Auxin which promote cell
• It promotes the dormancy in seed
enlargement and cell
and buds
differentiation.
• It helps in breaking the dormancy of • It promotes the closing of stomata,
seed and bud. wilting and falling of leaves, which
is called abscission.
• They also promote the growth of fruit.
• It involves mainly in shoot extension • It causes the detachment of flowers
and fruits from the plants.
Plant hormone
CYTOKININ ETHYLENE

This hormone promotes cell It promotes growth and ripening

division in plants. of fruit.
It also helps in breaking the It also promotes yellowing and
dormancy of seed and buds senescence of leaves.
It delays the aging of leaves.
It promotes the opening of
stomata and fruit growth.
 Plant movement
 The plant movements made in response to external
stimuli fall into two main categories.
 Tropisms: A growth movement of a plant part in response to
an external stimulus in which the direction of stimulus
determines the direction of response is called tropism.
It is of two types:
 Positive tropism: If the growth (movement) of a plant part is
towards the stimulus
 Negative tropism: If the growth (movement) of a plant part away
from the stimulus.
 Nasties : The movement of a plant part in response to an
external stimulus in which the direction of response is
not determined by the direction of stimulus is called
nastic movement.
 Phototropism
• There are five types of
tropic movement
• Phototropism : The
movement of a plant
part in response to
light is called
phototropism.
• Stem of a plant
towards light
 Geotropism

 The movement of a plant

part in response to
gravity is called
geotropism
 Eg: Roots towards soil
  The movement of a plant part in response to a
chemical stimulus is called chemotropism.
 Eg: Pollen tube towards ovary
Chemotropis
m
HYDROTROPISM

• The movement of a plant

part in response to water is
called hydrotropism.
• Eg: Movement of plant
parts especially roots
towards source of water.
Thigmotropis
m

• The directional growth movement

of a plant part in response to the
touch of an object is called
thigmotropism.
• Eg: The climbing part of a plant
like tendrils help the plant to
attach a surface.
 NASTIC MOVEMENT
• These movements are non-directional
and reveals immediate response. It is of
two types
• Seismonastic movement: Also known as
thigmonastic movement.
• Eg: Mimosa pudica when you touch the
leaves, they close.
• Nyctinastic movement: It involves the
diurnal variation in the position of flowers
and leaves of many plants in day and night.
• Photonastic : Light stimus
• Eg: Sunflower
• Thermonastic: temperature stimulus
• Eg: Tulip
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TROPIC AND
NASTIC MOVEMENTS