Lecture-1

Fluid Mechanics

Er. Dharmendra Kushwaha

Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department
Subharti Institute of Technology
Swami Vivekaad Subharti University Meerut
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Table of Contents

Basic Concepts and Definitions

Distinction between a fluid and a solid

Properties of Fluids

Viscosity-Kinematic and dynamic viscosity

Variation of viscosity with temperature

Newton law of viscosity

Type of Fluid
References 2
Definition of a Fluid

A substance
that can
Includes
flow and
liquids and
take the
gases.
shape of its
container.

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Basic Concepts and Definitions

Fluid Mechanics is that branch of Engineering -Science which deals with the behaviour of
the fluids (liquids or gases) at rest as well as in motion.

This branch of Science deals with the static, kinematics, and dynamic aspects of fluids.

The study of fluids at rest is called fluid statics.

The study of fluids in motion, where pressure forces are not considered is called fluid
kinematics and if the pressure forces are also considered for the fluid in motion, that
branch of science is called fluid dynamics

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Distinction Between Fluids and Solids

Solids Fluids (Liquid & Gas)

Have a definite Maintain their

Do not have a Take the shape
shape and shape unless a
definite shape. of their container
volume force is applied

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PROPERTIES OF FLUID

1.Density or Mass Density 2.Specific Weight or Weight

The density of a fluid is defined Density
as the ratio of the mass of a The ratio between the weight of a fluid to
fluid to its volume. its volume.
ρ= Thus, ω =
Where: =
ρ– density (kg/)
ω = ρg N/
m – mass (kg)
V –Volume()
The value of density of Water is 1gm/ The value of specific weight for water is
or 1000 kg/ . 9.81x 1000 N/ in SI units.

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3.Specific Volume 4.Specific Gravity
 Specific volume of a fluid is defined as the  Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight
density (or density) of a fluid to the weight density
volume of a fluid occupied by a unit mass or
(or density) of a standard fluid.
volume per unit mass of a fluid is called
 For liquids, the standard fluid is taken water and for
specific volume.
gases, the standard fluid is taken air. Specific gravity
Mathematically, it is expressed as-
is also called relative density. It is dimensionless
quantity and is denoted by the symbol S.
Specific Volume =
1 1 S(for Liquids) =
= Mass of 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 =
Volume of Fluid ρ S(for Gases) =

 Thus specific volume is the reciprocal of mass Thus, weight density of a liquid

density. It is expressed as m3/kg. = S x Weight density of water

= S x 1000 x 9.81 N/m3
 It is commonly applied to gases. Thus, density of a liquid = S x Density of water
= S x 1000 kg/ m3
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Example1.1: Calculate the specific weight, density and specific
gravity of one liter of a liquid which weighs 7 N.

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Example 1.2: Calculate the density, specific weight and weight of one liter of
petrol of specific gravity = 0.7

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Viscosity

 It is defined as the property of a fluid which

offers resistance to the movement of one
layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of
the fluid.
 When two layers of a fluid, a distance 'dy'
apart move one over the other at different
velocities say u and u+ du as shown in Fig.
1.1, the viscosity together with relative
velocity causes a shear stress acting between
Figure 1.1: Velocity variation near
the fluid layers. a solid boundary
 This shear stress is proportional to the rate of
change of velocity with respect to y. It is Source: R.K. Bansal
denoted by symbol τ called Tau.

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 Mathematically, or τ=µ

represents the rate of shear strain or rate of shear deformation or velocity gradient and µ is known as
constant of proportionality and known as coefficient of dynamic viscosity or only viscosity.
From equation (1.2) we have
τ
µ= (1.3)

Unit of Viscosity
The unit of viscosity is obtained by putting the dimension of the quantities in equation 1.3

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 SI Unit of Viscosity = =

Kinematic Viscosity
It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid. lt is denoted by the
Greek symbol (ν) called 'nu' . Thus, mathematically,

Kinematic Viscosity (ν) = =

The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/s and in CGS unit it is written as cm2/s and known as stoke.

Newton's Law of Viscosity

It states that the shear stress (τ) on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate of shear
strain. The constant of proportionality is called the co-efficient of viscosity.
Mathematically, it is expressed as given by equation 1.2

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Fluids which obey the above relation are known as Newtonian fluids and the fluids which do not obey
the above relation are called Non-Newtonian fluids.

Variation of Viscosity with Temperature

 The viscosity of liquids decreases with the increase of temperature while the viscosity of gases
increases with increase of temperature. This is due to reason that the viscous forces in a fluid are
due to cohesive forces and molecular momentum transfer.

 In liquids, the cohesive forces predominates the molecular momentum transfer due to closely
packed molecules and with the increase in temperature, the cohesive forces decreases with the
result of decreasing viscosity.

 But in the case of gases the cohesive force are small and molecular momentum transfer
predominates. With the increase in temperature, molecular momentum transfer increases
and hence viscosity increases.

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The relation between viscosity and temperature for liquids and gases are:

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Types of Fluid

1. Ideal Fluid: A fluid, which is incompressible and is having no viscosity, is

known as an ideal fluid. Ideal fluid is only an imaginary fluid as all the fluids,
which exist, have some viscosity.

2. Real fluid: A fluid, which possesses viscosity, is known as real fluid. All the
fluids in actual practice, are real fluids.

3. Newtonian Fluid: A real fluid, in which the shear stress is directly

proportional to the rate of shear strain (or velocity gradient), is known as a
Newtonian fluid.

4. Non-Newtonian fluid: A real fluid, in which shear stress is not proportional

to the rate of shear strain (or velocity gradient), known as a Non-Newtonian
fluid.

5. Ideal Plastic Fluid: A fluid, in which shear stress is more than the yield value
and shear stress is proportional to the rate of shear strain (or velocity Source: R.K. Bansal
gradient), is known as ideal plastic fluid.
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Example 1. 3: If the velocity distribution over a plate is given by u = 2/3 y - in which u is velocity in
metre per second at a distance y metre above the plate, determine the shear stress at y = 0 and y=
0.15 m. Take dynamic viscosity of fluid as 8.63 poises.

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Reference

• A Textbook of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines R. K. Bansal reprint, revised Publisher Laxmi
Publications, 2004 ISBN 8131808157, 9788131808153.

• https://www.google.com

• Introduction to Fluid Mechanics by Addisu D. March, 2013

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