Electronic Devices

10th ed.

Chapter 17
Voltage Regulators

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Electronic Devices
10th ed.

Objectives:
◆ Describe the concept of voltage regulation
◆ Describe and analyze the operation of linear series regulators
◆ Describe and analyze the operation of linear shunt regulators
◆ Discuss the principles of switching regulators
◆ Discuss integrated circuit voltage regulators
◆ Describe applications of IC voltage regulators

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 Electronic Devices
Voltage Regulation

An ideal power supply provides a constant dc voltage despite

changes to the input voltage or load conditions.

Voltage

VNL

Ideal power supply

0 Current
0

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 Electronic Devices
Voltage Regulation

An ideal power supply provides a constant dc voltage despite

changes to the input voltage or load conditions.
The dc output voltage of a practical power supply changes
under load as shown in the second plot. The output is also
sensitive to input voltage changes.
Voltage Voltage

VNL VNL
VFL

Ideal power supply Real power supply

0 Current 0 Current
0 0

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 Electronic Devices
Line Regulation

Line regulation is a measure of how well a power supply is

able to maintain the dc output voltage for a change in the ac
input line voltage. The formula for line regulation is
 VOUT 
Line Regulation =   100%
 VIN 

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 Electronic Devices
Line Regulation

Line regulation is a measure of how well a power supply is

able to maintain the dc output voltage for a change in the ac
input line voltage. The formula for line regulation is
 VOUT 
Line Regulation =   100%
 VIN 

Line regulation can also be expressed in terms of percent

change in VOUT per volt change on the VIN (%/V).

Line Regulation =
VOUT / VOUT 100%
VIN

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 Electronic Devices
Line Regulation

The data sheet for a certain 5 V regulator (7805) shows that when the input
changes from 7 V to 25 V, the output will change by no more than 100
mV.
What is the maximum line regulation expressed as a percentage?

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 Electronic Devices
Line Regulation

The data sheet for a certain 5 V regulator (7805) shows that when the input
changes from 7 V to 25 V, the output will change by no more than 100
mV.
What is the maximum line regulation expressed as a percentage?
 V   100 mV 
Line Regulation =  OUT  100%   100% 
 VIN   18 V 

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 Electronic Devices
Line Regulation

The data sheet for a certain 5 V regulator (7805) shows that when the input
changes from 7 V to 25 V, the output will change by no more than 100
mV.
What is the maximum line regulation expressed as a percentage?
 V   100 mV 
Line Regulation =  OUT  100%   100%  0.56%
 VIN   18 V 

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 Electronic Devices
Line Regulation

The data sheet for a certain 5 V regulator (7805) shows that when the input
changes from 7 V to 25 V, the output will change by no more than 100
mV.
What is the maximum line regulation expressed as a percentage?
 V   100 mV 
Line Regulation =  OUT  100%   100%  0.56%
 VIN   18 V 

The same data sheet shows that the typical change in output is 3 mV if the
input changes from 7 to 25 V. What is the typical line regulation?

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 Electronic Devices
Line Regulation

The data sheet for a certain 5 V regulator (7805) shows that when the input
changes from 7 V to 25 V, the output will change by no more than 100
mV.
What is the maximum line regulation expressed as a percentage?
 V   100 mV 
Line Regulation =  OUT  100%   100%  0.56%
 VIN   18 V 

The same data sheet shows that the typical change in output is 3 mV if the
input changes from 7 to 25 V. What is the typical line regulation?

 V   3 mV 
Line Regulation =  OUT  100%   100% 
 VIN   18 V 
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 Electronic Devices
Line Regulation

The data sheet for a certain 5 V regulator (7805) shows that when the input
changes from 7 V to 25 V, the output will change by no more than 100
mV.
What is the maximum line regulation expressed as a percentage?
 V   100 mV 
Line Regulation =  OUT  100%   100%  0.56%
 VIN   18 V 

The same data sheet shows that the typical change in output is 3 mV if the
input changes from 7 to 25 V. What is the typical line regulation?

 V   3 mV 
Line Regulation =  OUT  100%   100%  0.017%
 VIN   18 V 
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 Electronic Devices
Load Regulation

Load regulation is a measure of how well a power supply is

able to maintain the dc output voltage between no load and
full load with the input voltage constant. It can be expressed
as a percentage change in load voltage:
 VNL  VFL 
Load Regulation =   100%
 VFL 

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 Electronic Devices
Load Regulation

Load regulation is a measure of how well a power supply is

able to maintain the dc output voltage between no load and
full load with the input voltage constant. It can be expressed
as a percentage change in load voltage:
 VNL  VFL 
Load Regulation =   100%
 VFL 
Load regulation can also be expressed in terms of percent
change in the output per mA change in load current (%/mA).

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 Electronic Devices
Load Regulation

Load regulation is a measure of how well a power supply is

able to maintain the dc output voltage between no load and
full load with the input voltage constant. It can be expressed
as a percentage change in load voltage:
 VNL  VFL 
Load Regulation =   100%
 VFL 
Load regulation can also be expressed in terms of percent
change in the output per mA change in load current (%/mA).
Sometimes a maximum error voltage is given in the specification as
illustrated in the next slide for a commercial power supply.

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 Electronic Devices
Load Regulation

Commercial power supplies, such as you have in lab, have

excellent line and load regulation specifications.

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 Electronic Devices
Load Regulation

Commercial power supplies, such as you have in lab, have

excellent line and load regulation specifications.
The BK Precision 1651A is an example of
a triple output supply (two 0-24 V outputs
and a fixed 5 V output). Voltage regulation
specifications for this power supply are:
Line regulation: ≤0.01% +3 mV (Main supply)
≤5 mV (Fixed 5 V supply)
Load regulation: ≤0.01%+3 mV (Main supply)
≤5 mV (Fixed 5 V supply)

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 Electronic Devices
Load Regulation

Sometimes the equivalent Thevenin resistance of a supply is

specified in place of a load regulation specification.
In this case, VOUT can be found by
applying the voltage divider rule:
Power Supply
 RL 
VOUT VNL  
RTH = ROUT
R
 OUT  RL 
VOUT

VTH = VNL RL

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 Electronic Devices
Load Regulation

Sometimes the equivalent Thevenin resistance of a supply is

specified in place of a load regulation specification.
In this case, VOUT can be found by
applying the voltage divider rule:
Power Supply
 RL 
VOUT VNL  
RTH = ROUT
R
 OUT  RL 
VOUT

In terms of resistances, load VTH = VNL RL

regulation can be expressed as:

 ROUT 
Load regulation   100%
 RFL 

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 Electronic Devices
Load Regulation

A power supply has an output resistance of 25 mW and a full load

current of 0.50 A to a 10.0 W load.
(a) What is the load regulation?
(b) What is the no load output voltage?

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 Electronic Devices
Load Regulation

A power supply has an output resistance of 25 mW and a full load

current of 0.50 A to a 10.0 W load.
(a) What is the load regulation?
(b) What is the no load output voltage?

 ROUT   0.025  
(a) Load regulation   100%   100%
 RFL   10.0  

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 Electronic Devices
Load Regulation

A power supply has an output resistance of 25 mW and a full load

current of 0.50 A to a 10.0 W load.
(a) What is the load regulation?
(b) What is the no load output voltage?

 ROUT   0.025  
(a) Load regulation   100%   100% = 0.25%
 RFL   10.0  

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 Electronic Devices
Load Regulation

A power supply has an output resistance of 25 mW and a full load

current of 0.50 A to a 10.0 W load.
(a) What is the load regulation?
(b) What is the no load output voltage?

 ROUT   0.025  
(a) Load regulation   100%   100% = 0.25%
 RFL   10.0  
(b) By Ohm’s law, VOUT = 5.0 V.
VOUT 5.0 V
VNL  
 RL   10.0  
   0.025  + 10.0  
 ROUT  RL   

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 Electronic Devices
Load Regulation

A power supply has an output resistance of 25 mW and a full load

current of 0.50 A to a 10.0 W load.
(a) What is the load regulation?
(b) What is the no load output voltage?

 ROUT   0.025  
(a) Load regulation   100%   100% = 0.25%
 RFL   10.0  
(b) By Ohm’s law, VOUT = 5.0 V.
VOUT 5.0 V
VNL   = 5.013 V
 RL   10.0  
   0.025  + 10.0  
 ROUT  RL   

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 Electronic Devices
Series Regulators

Series Regulator block diagram:

Control
VIN VOUT
element

Reference Error Sample Basic series regulator circuit:

voltage detector circuit

Control element
VIN VOUT

R1 Q1

+
VREF

– R2
Error detector
D1 Sample
circuit
R3

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 Electronic Devices
Series Regulators

Series Regulator block diagram:

Control
VIN VOUT
element

Reference Error Sample Basic series regulator circuit:

voltage detector circuit

Control element
VIN VOUT

R1 Q1

+
VREF
The control element maintains
– R2
a constant output voltage by D1
Error detector
Sample
circuit
varying the collector-emitter R3
voltage across the transistor.

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 Electronic Devices
Series Regulators

 R2 
The output voltage for the series regulator circuit is: VOUT  1   VREF
 R3 
(a) What is the output voltage for the series regulator?
(b) If the load current is 200 mA, what is the power
dissipated by Q1?
VIN VOUT
18 V Q1
R1
4.7 kW
+
VREF

– R2
3.9 V D1 100 kW

R3
47 kW

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 Electronic Devices
Series Regulators

 R2 
The output voltage for the series regulator circuit is: VOUT  1   VREF
 R3 
(a) What is the output voltage for the series regulator?
(b) If the load current is 200 mA, what is the power
dissipated by Q1?
VIN VOUT
 R  18 V
R1 Q1
(a) VOUT  1  2  VREF 4.7 kW
 R3  +
VREF
 100 k 
 1+  3.9 V – R2
 47 k  3.9 V D1 100 kW

R3
47 kW

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 Electronic Devices
Series Regulators

 R2 
The output voltage for the series regulator circuit is: VOUT  1   VREF
 R3 
(a) What is the output voltage for the series regulator?
(b) If the load current is 200 mA, what is the power
dissipated by Q1?
VIN VOUT
 R  18 V
R1 Q1
(a) VOUT  1  2  VREF 4.7 kW
 R3  +
VREF
 100 k 
 1+  3.9 V – R2
 47 k  3.9 V D1 100 kW
= 12.2 V
R3
47 kW

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 Electronic Devices
Series Regulators

 R2 
The output voltage for the series regulator circuit is: VOUT  1   VREF
 R3 
(a) What is the output voltage for the series regulator?
(b) If the load current is 200 mA, what is the power
dissipated by Q1?
VIN VOUT
 R  18 V
R1 Q1
(a) VOUT  1  2  VREF 4.7 kW
 R3  +
VREF
 100 k 
 1+  3.9 V – R2
 47 k  3.9 V D1 100 kW
= 12.2 V
R3
(b) P = VI 47 kW
= (18 V – 12.2 V)(0.2 A)

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 Electronic Devices
Series Regulators

 R2 
The output voltage for the series regulator circuit is: VOUT  1   VREF
 R3 
(a) What is the output voltage for the series regulator?
(b) If the load current is 200 mA, what is the power
dissipated by Q1?
VIN VOUT
 R  18 V
R1 Q1
(a) VOUT  1  2  VREF 4.7 kW
 R3  +
VREF
 100 k 
 1+  3.9 V – R2
 47 k  3.9 V D1 100 kW
= 12.2 V
R3
(b) P = VI 47 kW
= (18 V – 12.2 V)(0.2 A)
= 1.16 W

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 Electronic Devices
Series Regulators

Current limiting prevents excessive load current. Q2 will

conduct when the current through R4 develops 0.7 V across
Q2’s VBE. This reduces base current to Q1, limiting the load
current. Q R 1 4
VIN VOUT

R1 Q2
+
R2
Current limiter
–

R3

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 Electronic Devices
Series Regulators

Current limiting prevents excessive load current. Q2 will

conduct when the current through R4 develops 0.7 V across
Q2’s VBE. This reduces base current to Q1, limiting the load
current. Q R 1 4
The current limit is: VIN VOUT

0.7 V R1 Q2
I L(max)  +
R4 R2
Current limiter
For example, a 1.4 W –

resistor, limits current

to about 0.5 A. R3

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 Electronic Devices
Series Regulators

Fold-back current limiting drops the load current well

below the peak during overload conditions. Q2 conducts
when VR5 +VBE = VR4 and begins current limiting. VR5 is found
by applying the voltage-divider rule:
 R5  Q1 R4
VR5   VOUT +VIN VOUT
R
 5  R6  R5
R1

+ R2

R6 Q2
–
D1

R3

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 Electronic Devices
Series Regulators

Fold-back current limiting drops the load current well

below the peak during overload conditions. Q2 conducts
when VR5 +VBE = VR4 and begins current limiting. VR5 is found
by applying the voltage-divider rule:
 R5  Q1 R4
VR5   VOUT +VIN VOUT
R
 5  R6  R5
R1
An overload causes VR5 to + R2
drop because VOUT drops.
R6 Q2
This means that less D1
–

current is needed to
R3
maintain conduction in Q2
and the load current
drops.

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 Electronic Devices
Shunt Regulators

Shunt Regulator block diagram:

R1
VIN VOUT

Control
Reference Error element
voltage detector (shunt) Basic shunt regulator circuit:
VOUT
Sample VIN
circuit R1
R2
Error detector
Control
VREF – element
Q1
R3 RL
+
D1 Sample
circuit
R4

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 Electronic Devices
Shunt Regulators

Shunt Regulator block diagram:

R1
VIN VOUT

Control
Reference Error element
voltage detector (shunt) Basic shunt regulator circuit:
VOUT
Sample VIN
circuit R1
R2
Error detector
Control
VREF – element
Q1
The control element maintains + R3 RL
D1 Sample
a constant output voltage by circuit
varying the collector current R4

in the transistor.

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 Electronic Devices
Shunt Regulators

Shunt regulators use a parallel transistor for the control

element. If the output voltage changes, the op-amp senses
the change and corrects the bias on Q1 to follow. For
example, a decrease in output voltage causes a decrease in
VB and an increase in VC. V OUT
VIN
R1
R2
Error detector
Control
VREF – element
Q1
R3 RL
+
D1 Sample
circuit
R4

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 Electronic Devices
Shunt Regulators

Shunt regulators use a parallel transistor for the control

element. If the output voltage changes, the op-amp senses
the change and corrects the bias on Q1 to follow. For
example, a decrease in output voltage causes a decrease in
VB and an increase in VC. V OUT
VIN
R1
R2
Although it is less efficient Error detector
Control
VREF –
than the series regulator, the element
Q1
shunt regulator has inherent + R3 RL
short-circuit protection. The D1 Sample
circuit
maximum current when the R4
output is shorted is VIN/R1.

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 Electronic Devices
Switching Regulators

All switching regulators control the output voltage by

rapidly switching the input voltage on and off with a duty
cycle that depends on the load. Because they use high
frequency switching, they tend to be electrically noisy.

on/off ton toff ton toff ton toff ton

control
VC

VOUT

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 Electronic Devices
Switching Regulators

All switching regulators control the output voltage by

rapidly switching the input voltage on and off with a duty
cycle that depends on the load. Because they use high
frequency switching, they tend to be electrically noisy.
An increase in the duty cycle increases the output voltage.

on/off ton toff ton toff ton toff ton

control
VC

VOUT

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 Electronic Devices
Switching Regulators

All switching regulators control the output voltage by

rapidly switching the input voltage on and off with a duty
cycle that depends on the load. Because they use high
frequency switching, they tend to be electrically noisy.
A decrease in the duty cycle decreases the output voltage.

on/off ton toff ton toff ton toff ton

control

VC

VOUT

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 Electronic Devices
Switching Regulators

A step-down switching regulator controls the output

voltage by controlling the duty cycle to a series transistor.
The duty cycle changes depending on the load requirement.

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 Electronic Devices
Switching Regulators

A step-down switching regulator controls the output

voltage by controlling the duty cycle to a series transistor.
The duty cycle changes depending on the load requirement.

Because the transistor is

either ON or OFF on all
switching regulators, the
power dissipated in the
transistor is very small
and the regulator is very
efficient. The pulses are
smoothed by an LC filter.

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 Electronic Devices
Switching Regulators

A step-down switching regulator controls the output

voltage by controlling the duty cycle to a series transistor.
The duty cycle changes depending on the load requirement.
C charges
When the transistor is
on + -
ON, C charges and L
opposes the change in
current.

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 Electronic Devices
Switching Regulators

A step-down switching regulator controls the output

voltage by controlling the duty cycle to a series transistor.
The duty cycle changes depending on the load requirement.
L reverses polarity
When the transistor is
off -
OFF, C discharges and the +
polarity of L reverses
helping to smooth the
output dc.

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 Electronic Devices
Switching Regulators

In a step-up switching regulator, the control element

operates as a rapidly pulsing switch to ground. The switch
on and off times are controlled by the output voltage.

+ + VOUT
VIN
L D1
C

Variable RL
R1 pulse-width Q1 R2
oscillator

– +

D2 R3

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 Electronic Devices
Switching Regulators

In a step-up switching regulator, the control element

operates as a rapidly pulsing switch to ground. The switch
on and off times are controlled by the output voltage.

Step-up action is due to

the fact the inductor
changes polarity during
switching and adds to
VIN. Thus, the output
voltage is larger than
the input voltage.

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 Electronic Devices
Switching Regulators

In a step-up switching regulator, the control element

operates as a rapidly pulsing switch to ground. The switch
on and off times are controlled by the output voltage.
L field builds off C discharges
When the transistor is ON, + -
the field builds around L on
and C discharges.

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 Electronic Devices
Switching Regulators

In a step-up switching regulator, the control element

operates as a rapidly pulsing switch to ground. The switch
on and off times are controlled by the output voltage.
L field collapses C charges
When the transistor is OFF, -
the field collapses from L + on
off
and C charges.

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 Electronic Devices
Switching Regulators

In a voltage-inverter switching regulator, the output is the

opposite polarity of the input. It can be used in conjunction
with a positive regulator from the same input source.

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 Electronic Devices
Switching Regulators

In a voltage-inverter switching regulator, the output is the

opposite polarity of the input. It can be used in conjunction
with a positive regulator from the same input source.
Inversion occurs
because the inductor
reverses polarity
when the diode
conducts, charging
the capacitor with
the opposite polarity
of the input.

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 Electronic Devices
Switching Regulators

In a voltage-inverter switching regulator, the output is the

opposite polarity of the input. It can be used in conjunction
with a positive regulator from the same input source.

Initially, when the pulse

goes HIGH, it turns on
Q1and biases D1 off.
The voltage across L
drops as the field
builds.

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 Electronic Devices
Switching Regulators

In a voltage-inverter switching regulator, the output is the

opposite polarity of the input. It can be used in conjunction
with a positive regulator from the same input source.

When the pulse goes

LOW, Q1 is turned off
and D1 is biased on. This
charges C with a negative
charge. The LC filter
smooths the rapid
charging and discharging.

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 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

Integrated circuit voltage regulators are available as

series regulators or as switching regulators. The popular
three-terminal regulators are often used on separate pc
boards within a system because they are inexpensive and
avoid problems associated with large power distribution
systems (such as noise pickup).

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 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

Integrated circuit voltage regulators are available as

series regulators or as switching regulators. The popular
three-terminal regulators are often used on separate pc
boards within a system because they are inexpensive and
avoid problems associated with large power distribution
systems (such as noise pickup). 78XX Regulators
Type number Output voltage
The 78XX series is a fixed TO-220 case 7805 +5.0 V
7806 +6.0 V
positive output regulator 7808 +8.0 V
D-PAK
available in various 4 7809 +9.0 V
7812 +12.0 V
packages and with 12
7815 +15.0 V
standard voltage outputs. 1
2
3 7818 +18.0 V
3 7824 +24.0 V

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 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

The only external components required Heat-sink surface

with the 78XX series are input and output 4

capacitors and some form of heat sink.

12

These IC’s include thermal shutdown 1

3

protection and internal current limiting. 3

(1) (3)
Positive Positive
input 78XX output

(2) Gnd

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 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

The only external components required Heat-sink surface

with the 78XX series are input and output 4

capacitors and some form of heat sink.

12

These IC’s include thermal shutdown 1

3

protection and internal current limiting. 3

The 78XX series are

(1) (3)
primarily used for fixed Positive
78XX
Positive
input output
output voltages, but with
additional components, they (2) Gnd

can be set up for variable

voltages or currents.

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 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

The 79XX series is the negative output counterpart to the

78XX series, however the pin assignments are different
on this series. Other specifications are basically the same.

Type number Output voltage

(2) (3) 7905 –5.0 V
Negative Negative
79XX 7905.2 –5.2 V
input output
7906 –6.0 V
(1) Gnd 7908 –8.0 V
7912 –12.0 V
7915 –15.0 V
7918 –18.0 V
7924 –24.0 V

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 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

The LM317 is a adjustable positive output IC regulator.

There is a fixed reference voltage of +1.25 V between the
output and adjustment terminals. There is no ground pin.
 R2 
The output voltage is calculated by: VOUT VREF  1    I ADJ R2
 R1 

Positive (3) (2) Positive

LM317
input output
R11
(1) Adjustment 150 W
C11 C3
R22
C2 2 kW

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 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

The LM317 is a adjustable positive output IC regulator.

There is a fixed reference voltage of +1.25 V between the
output and adjustment terminals. There is no ground pin.
 R2 
The output voltage is calculated by: VOUT VREF  1    I ADJ R2
 R1 

What is VOUT?
(Assume IADJ = 50 mA.) +20 V (3) (2)
Positive LM317 Positive
input output
R11
(1) Adjustment 150 W
C11 C3
R22
C2 2 kW

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

The LM317 is a adjustable positive output IC regulator.

There is a fixed reference voltage of +1.25 V between the
output and adjustment terminals. There is no ground pin.
 R2 
The output voltage is calculated by: VOUT VREF  1    I ADJ R2
 R1 

What is VOUT?
(Assume IADJ = 50 mA.) +20 V (3) (2)
Positive LM317 Positive
input output
R11
(1) Adjustment 150 W
 2 kΩ  C11 C3
VOUT 1.25 V  1   R22
 150   C2 2 kW

 50 μA 2 k 

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

The LM317 is a adjustable positive output IC regulator.

There is a fixed reference voltage of +1.25 V between the
output and adjustment terminals. There is no ground pin.
 R2 
The output voltage is calculated by: VOUT VREF  1    I ADJ R2
 R1 

What is VOUT?
(Assume IADJ = 50 mA.) +20 V (3) (2) +16.8 V
Positive LM317 Positive
input output
R11
(1) Adjustment 150 W
 2 kΩ  C11 C3
VOUT 1.25 V  1   R22
 150   C2 2 kW

 50 μA 2 k 
= 16.8 V
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

The LM317 is a adjustable positive output IC regulator.

There is a fixed reference voltage of +1.25 V between the
output and adjustment terminals. There is no ground pin.
 R2 
The output voltage is calculated by: VOUT VREF  1    I ADJ R2
 R1 

What is VOUT?
(Assume IADJ = 50 mA.) +20 V (3) (2) +16.8 V
Positive LM317 Positive
input output
R11
(1) Adjustment 150 W
 2 kΩ  C11 C3
VOUT 1.25 V  1   R22
 150   C2 2 kW

 50 μA 2 k 
= 16.8 V
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 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

IC regulators are limited to a maximum allowable current

before shutting down. The circuit shown is uses an external pass
transistor to increase the maximum available load current.
Qext
VIN

Rext
VOUT
C1 78XX

C2 RL

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 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

IC regulators are limited to a maximum allowable current

before shutting down. The circuit shown is uses an external pass
transistor to increase the maximum available load current.
Rext sets the point where
Qext
Qext begins to conduct: VIN
0.7 V
Rext  Rext
I max C1 78XX
VOUT

For example, if Imax is C2 RL

1.0 A, Rext =

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 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

IC regulators are limited to a maximum allowable current

before shutting down. The circuit shown is uses an external pass
transistor to increase the maximum available load current.
Rext sets the point where
Qext
Qext begins to conduct: VIN
0.7 V
Rext  Rext
I max C1 78XX
VOUT

For example, if Imax is C2 RL

1.0 A, Rext = 0.7 W

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 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

IC regulators are limited to a maximum allowable current

before shutting down. The circuit shown is uses an external pass
transistor to increase the maximum available load current.
Rext sets the point where
Qext
Qext begins to conduct: VIN
0.7 V
Rext  Rext
I max C1 78XX
VOUT

For example, if Imax is C2 RL

1.0 A, Rext = 0.7 W

What minimum power rating is required for Rext?

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

IC regulators are limited to a maximum allowable current

before shutting down. The circuit shown is uses an external pass
transistor to increase the maximum available load current.
Rext sets the point where
Qext
Qext begins to conduct: VIN
0.7 V
Rext  Rext
I max C1 78XX
VOUT

For example, if Imax is C2 RL

1.0 A, Rext = 0.7 W

What minimum power rating is required for Rext?

P = I2R = (1 A)2(0.7 W) = 0.7 W

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 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

The 78S40 is an IC containing all of the elements needed to

configure a switching regulator, using a few external parts.

Noninvert Invert Timing Ipk Driver Switch

Gnd VCC
input input cap sense collector collector
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

S Q Q1
Oscillator
Flip-flop
Q2
– R
Comp.
+

1.25 V –
reference
+ D1

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Reference Invert Noninvert VCC Switch
Output Anode Cathode
voltage input input op-amp emitter

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 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

The 78S40 is an IC containing all of the elements needed to

configure a switching regulator, using a few external parts.
It is a universal switching
Noninvert Invert Timing Ipk Driver Switch
regulator subsystem input input
Gnd
cap
VCC
sense collector collector
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
because it can be configured
as a step-down, step-up, or Oscillator S Q Q1

inverting regulator by the

Flip-flop
Q2
– R

user. The data sheet shows Comp.

+

typical circuits for these 1.25 V

reference
–

+ D1

configurations. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Reference Invert Noninvert VCC Switch
Output Anode Cathode
voltage input input op-amp emitter

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 Electronic Devices
IC Voltage Regulators

The 78S40 is an IC containing all of the elements needed to

configure a switching regulator, using a few external parts.
RCS
It is a universal switching VIN
CT

regulator subsystem VCC

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
because it can be configured
as a step-down, step-up, or Oscillator S Q Q1
Flip-flop
inverting regulator by the –
R
Q2

user. The data sheet shows Comp.

+

typical circuits for these 1.25 V

reference
–

+ D1
configurations. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
L
Here is the step-down R2 VOUT

configuration. R1 CO

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 Electronic Devices
Selected Key Terms

Regulator

Line regulation

Load regulation

Linear regulator

Switching
regulator
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Electronic Devices
Selected Key Terms

Regulator A electronic circuit that maintains an

essentially constant output voltage with
changing input voltage or load current.
Line regulation

Load regulation

Linear regulator

Switching
regulator
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Electronic Devices
Selected Key Terms

Regulator A electronic circuit that maintains an

essentially constant output voltage with
changing input voltage or load current.
Line regulation The percentage change in output voltage for a
given change in input (line) voltage.
Load regulation

Linear regulator

Switching
regulator
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Electronic Devices
Selected Key Terms

Regulator A electronic circuit that maintains an

essentially constant output voltage with
changing input voltage or load current.
Line regulation The percentage change in output voltage for a
given change in input (line) voltage.
Load regulation The percentage change in output voltage for a
given change in load current.
Linear regulator

Switching
regulator
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Electronic Devices
Selected Key Terms

Regulator A electronic circuit that maintains an

essentially constant output voltage with
changing input voltage or load current.
Line regulation The percentage change in output voltage for a
given change in input (line) voltage.
Load regulation The percentage change in output voltage for a
given change in load current.
Linear regulator A voltage regulator in which the control
element operates in the linear region.
Switching
regulator
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Electronic Devices
Selected Key Terms

Regulator A electronic circuit that maintains an

essentially constant output voltage with
changing input voltage or load current.
Line regulation The percentage change in output voltage for a
given change in input (line) voltage.
Load regulation The percentage change in output voltage for a
given change in load current.
Linear regulator A voltage regulator in which the control
element operates in the linear region.
Switching A voltage regulator in which the control
regulator element operates as a switch.
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q1

1. The load regulation of an ideal power supply is

a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 100%

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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q2

2. A correct formula for load regulation is

 VOUT 
a. Load Regulation =   100%
 VIN 

b. Load Regulation =  VNL  VFL  100%

 VFL 

c.  VFL 
Load Regulation =   100%
 VNL  VFL 
d.
Load Regulation =
VOUT / VOUT 100%
VIN
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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q3

3. An alternate way to express load regulation is in terms of

the
a. output resistance and the full-load resistance
b. output resistance and the shorted-load resistance
c. input resistance and the full-load resistance
d. input resistance and the shorted-load resistance

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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q4

4. In the circuit shown, R4 = 0.7 W. The output current will

be limited to
Q1 R4
a. 0.5 A VIN
0.7 W
VOUT

R1 Q2
b. 0.7 A +
R2
Current limiter
c. 1.0 A –

d. 1.4 A R3

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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q5

5. The block diagram for a series voltage regulator is

shown. The yellow box represents a
a. control element VIN VOUT

b. sample circuit
c. error detector ?
d. reference voltage

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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q6

6. The block diagram for a shunt voltage regulator is

shown. The yellow box represents a
a. control element VIN
R1
VOUT

b. sample circuit
c. error detector
?
d. reference voltage

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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q7

7. The circuit in the blue shaded area is a

a. high speed switching circuit
b. fold-back current limiter
c. reference source +VIN
Q1 R4
VOUT
R5
d. shunt regulator R1

+ R2

R6 Q2
–
D1

R3

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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q8

8. A major advantage of all switching regulators is

a. low noise
b. high output impedance
c. high efficiency
d. all of the above

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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q9

9. The type of regulator circuit shown is a

a. series linear
b. series switching
c. shunt switching
d. none of the above

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 Electronic Devices
Quiz Q10

10. The output voltage from a 7912 is a regulated

a. +5 V
b. +12 V
c. -5 V
d. -12 V

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 Electronic Devices
Answers

Answers:
1. a 6. b
2. b 7. b
3. a 8. c
4. c 9. b
5. d 10. d

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