Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Things (IoT)

CHAPTER FOUR
Artificial Intelligence
Revision on chapter Three:
 Artificial Intelligence
 Main goals of Artificial Intelligence
 Advantages & Disadvantages of AI
 Levels of AI
 Types of AI
 Three layers of AI systems
 Influencers of AI
 Applications Area of AI
 AI tools and platforms
 Sample AI application
Internet of Things (IoT)
Objectves:

 Describe IoT
 Describe the pros and cons of IoT
 Explain how IoT works
 Explain the architecture of IoT
 Describe IoT tools and platforms
 Describe some of the application areas of IoT
Internet of Things (IoT)
What is IoT?
The term Internet of Things according to the
2020 conceptual framework is expressed
through a simple formula such as:
IoT= Services + Data + Networks + Sensors
The Internet of Things is the network of physical
objects or "things" embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, and network connectivity,
which enables these objects to collect and
exchange data.
The most important features of IoT include AI,
connectivity, sensors, active engagement,
and small device use.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cont ..
AI- IoT essentially makes virtually anything
“smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect of
life with the power of data collection, AI
algorithms, and networks.
Connectivity − New enabling technologies for IoT
networking. Networks can exist on a much
smaller and cheaper scale. IoT creates these
small networks between its system devices.
Sensors − They act as defining instruments that
transform IoT from a standard passive network
of devices into an active system capable of
real-world integration
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cont ..
Active Engagement -IoT introduces a new
paradigm for active content, product, or service
engagement
Small Devices − Devices have become smaller,
cheaper, and more powerful over time. IoT
exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its
precision, scalability, and versatility
The Internet of Things has different application in
different area such as connected industry, smart-
city, smart-home, smart-energy, connected car,
smart agriculture, connected building and campus,
health care, logistics etc

IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper

Internet of Things (IoT)

History of IoT (Reading

Assignment)
Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT-advantages
 Improved Customer Engagement – IoT create
more effective engagement with audiences. E.g.,
Voting, E-commerce
 Technology Optimization - The same
technologies and data which improve the
customer experience also improve device
use, more strong improvements to technology.
 Reduced Waste - IoT provides real-world
information leading to the more effective
management of resources.
 Enhanced Data Collection - It allows an
accurate picture of everything.
Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT – Disadvantages
 The potential that a hacker could steal
confidential information also
increases.
 If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely
that every connected device will
become corrupted.
 Since there’s no international standard of
compatibility for IoT, it’s difficult for
devices from different manufacturers to
communicate with each other.
 Data management will be
challenging.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Challenges of IoT
 Security: IoT causes to leaves users exposed to various kinds
of attackers.
 Privacy: The complexity of IoT provides sensitive personal
data in extreme detail without the user's active participation.
 Complexity: IoT systems complicated in terms of design,
deployment, and maintenance given their use of multiple
technologies and a large set of new enabling technologies.
 Flexibility: They worry about finding themselves with several
conflicting or locking systems.
 Compliance: Its complexity makes the issue of compliance
seem incredibly challenging when many consider standard
software compliance a battle.
Internet of Things (IoT)
How Does IoT works
 An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled
smart devices that use embedded processors,
sensors and communication hardware to
collect, send and act on data they acquire from
their environments.
 IoT Devices share the sensor data they collect
by connecting to an IoT gateway or another
edge device where data is either sent to the
cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
 Most IoT devices work without human
intervention, although people can interact
with the devices for instance, to set them
up, give them instructions or access the data.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Architecture of IoT
Internet of Things (IoT)
Sensing Layer

 Identify any phenomena in the devices’

peripheral and obtain data from the real world.
 Sensors in IoT devices are usually integrated
through sensor hubs.
 A sensor hub is a common connection point
for multiple sensors that accumulate and
forward sensor data to the processing unit of a
device
 Actuators can also intervene to change the
physical conditions that generate the data. Eg.
shut off a power supply
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cont ..
Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into
three broad categories these are Motion
Sensors , Environmental Sensors and Position
sensors
A. Motion Sensors:
 Motion sensors measure the change in
motion as well as the orientation of the
devices.
 There are two types of motions one can
observe in a device: linear and angular
motions.
 The linear motion refers to the linear
displacement of an IoT device while the angular
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cont ..
B. Environmental Sensors:
 Sensors such as Light sensors, Pressure
sensors, etc. are embedded in IoT devices to
sense the change in environmental parameters
in the device’s peripheral. & enable the
devices to take autonomous decisions
according to the changes of a device’s
peripheral. e.g., home automation systems.
C. Position sensors:
 Position sensors of IoT devices deal with the
physical position and location of the device.
E.g., magnetic sensors(digital compass) and
Global Positioning System (navigation
Internet of Things (IoT)
Network Layer

The network layer acts as a

communication channel to transfer
data, collected in the sensing layer, to
other connected devices. E.g., Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, Zigbee, LoRa, cellular network,
etc.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Data Processing Layer
 The data processing layer consists of the
main data processing unit of IoT devices.
 Takes data collected in the sensing layer
and analyses the data to make decisions
based on the result.
 In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart
home hub, etc.), the data processing layer also
saves the result of the previous analysis to
improve the user experience.
 This layer may share the result of data
processing with other connected devices
via the network layer.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Application layer
 The application layer implements and
presents the results of the data
processing layer to accomplish
dissimilar applications of IoT devices.
 The application layer is a user-centric
layer that executes various tasks for the
users.
 There exist diverse IoT applications,
which include smart transportation,
smart home, personal care, healthcare,
etc
Internet of Things (IoT)
Devices and Networks
 Every device talks to other related devices in
an environment to automate home and
industrial tasks, and to communicate usable
sensor data to users, businesses and other
interested parties
 IoT devices are meant to work in concert for
people at home, in industry or in the
enterprise. And it can be categorized into
three main groups: consumer, enterprise and
industrial.
Consumer connected devices include smart
TVs, smart speakers, toys, & wearables
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cont ..
Industrial and enterprise IoT devices include
smart commercial security systems and
smart city technologies such as those used
to monitor traffic and weather conditions,
smart air conditioning, smart thermostats(a
device automatically monitor tempreture),
smart lighting, and smart security.
IoT network typically includes a number of
devices with constrained resources (power,
processing, memory, etc) and Some of those
devices mays be deployed over large areas,
Whereas others may be deployed in hard-to-
reach areas like pipelines hazardous zones, or
war zones.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cont ..
The efficient management of IoT networks
requires considering both the constraints of
low power IoT devices and the
deployment complexity of the underlying
communication infrastructure
Developing an IoT network management solution
is not an easy task because of the basic
constraints of IoT networks (Architecture,
Technologies, Physical layer) and also it is
necessary to take into account scalability,
interoperability, energy efficiency,
topology control, Quality of Service
(QoS), fault tolerance, and security.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cont ..
 Therefore, Management for Device and
Network in the Internet of
Things(M4DN.IoT) is a platform for IoT
networks and devices management.
 This solution integrates and controls the
individual functionalities of the devices in an IoT
network as well as the status and characteristics
of the network.
 M4DN.IoT defines a management structure
in two scopes:
 local management, where the platform runs in
the same environment as the devices, and
 Remote management, where the platform
Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT Tools and Platforms
 IoT Platform is a set of components that
allows developers to spread out applications
remotely collect data, secure connectivity, &
execute sensor management. IoT platform
solutions are based on the IoT and cloud
technology.
 IoT Platform includes KAA, SiteWhere,
ThinksSpeak, DeviceHive, Zetta and
ThingsBoard
 Eclipse IoTtools are:
 Some of the IoT development
 Arduino
 IBM Watson
 PlatforIO
 Raspbian
 Device Hive
Internet of Things (IoT)
Applications of IoT
 Agriculture - For indoor planting, IoT makes
monitoring and management of microclimate
conditions a reality, which in turn increases
production. For outside planting, devices
using IoT technology can sense soil moisture
and nutrients, in conjunction with weather
data, better control smart irrigation and
fertilizer systems.
 Consumer Use - For private citizens, IoT
devices in the form of wearables and smart
homes make life easier. Wearables cover
accessories such as Fitbit, smartphones,
Apple watches, health monitors, to name a
few.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cont ..
 Healthcare - First and foremost, wearable
IoT devices let hospitals monitor their
patients’ health at home. E.g., sensors can
also determine if a patient has fallen or is
suffering a heart attack.
 Insurance: Insurance companies can offer
their policyholders discounts for IoT
wearables such as Fitbit.
 Manufacturing - RFID and GPS technology
can help a manufacturer track a product
whole supply chain from start to finish.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cont ..
 Retail (Trade, Selling, Marketing) - Online
and in-store shopping sales figures can
control warehouse automation and robotics.
 Transportation – Help determine traffic
patterns, parking space demand, and road
construction and maintenance
 The GPS is another example of IoT, is being
utilized to help transportation companies
plot faster and more efficient routes for
trucks hauling freight.
 Utilities: IoT sensors can be employed to
monitor environmental conditions such as
humidity, temperature, and lighting.
Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT Based Smart Home
Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to
remotely manage and monitor different
home devices from anywhere via
smartphones or over the web with no
physical distance limitations.
These “smart” devices have the potential to
share information with each other given the
permanent availability to access the
broadband internet connection.
Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and
off remotely appliances to avoid accidents
and save energy.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cont ..
 Weather: Displays outdoor weather
conditions such as humidity, temperature,
pressure, wind speed and rain levels with
the ability to transmit data over long
distances.
 Smart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen telling what’s
inside, food that’s about to expire,
ingredients you need to buy and with all the
information available on a smartphone app.
 Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home
alarm systems making people feel safe in
their daily life at home.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cont ..

 Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of

window and door openings and violations to
prevent intruders.
 Energy and Water Use: Energy and water
supply consumption monitoring to obtain
advice on how to save cost and resources, &
many more.
Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT Based Smart City
In cities, the development of smart networks,
data analytics, and autonomous vehicles will
provide an intelligent platform to deliver
innovations in energy management, traffic
management, and security, sharing the
benefits of this technology throughout society.
 Structural Health: Monitoring of
atmospheres and material conditions in
buildings, bridges and historical
monuments.
 Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive
lighting in street lights.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cont ..
 Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire
control management, public announcement
systems.
 Transportation: Smart Roads and
Intelligent High-ways with warning
messages and diversions according to
climate conditions and unexpected events
like accidents or traffic jams.
 Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of
parking spaces available in the city
making residents able to identify and
reserve the closest available spaces.
 Waste Management: Detection of
Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT Based Smart Farming
 Green Houses: Control micro-climate
conditions to maximize the production of
fruits and vegetables and its quality.
 Compost: Control of humidity and
temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw, etc.
to prevent fungus and other microbial
contaminants.
 Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and
identification of animals grazing in open
pastures or location in big stables, Study of
ventilation and air quality in farms and
detection of harmful gases
Internet of Things (IoT)
Cont ..
 Offspring Care: Control of growing
conditions of the offspring in animal farms
to ensure its survival and health.
 Field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and
crop waste with better monitoring,
accurate ongoing data obtaining, and
management of the agriculture fields,
including better control of fertilizing,
electricity and watering.
Internet of Things (IoT)

End Of Chapter Four