AD3391

DATABASE DESIGN AND

MANAGEMENT

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 Unit -1
CONCEPTUAL DATA MODELING

Database environment – Database system

development lifecycle – Requirements collection –
Database design - Entity-Relationship model –
Enhanced-ER model – UML class diagrams.

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 Database environment
Database management system(DBMS):
• Database management system is a software which is used to manage
the database.

• For example: MySQL, Oracle, etc are a very popular commercial

database which is used in different applications.

• DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like

database creation, storing data in it, updating data, creating a table in
the database and a lot more.

• It provides protection and security to the database. In the case

of multiple users, it alsoAD3391/
maintains data consistency.
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DBMS allows users the following tasks:
• Data Definition: It is used for creation, modification, and removal of
definition that defines the organization of data in the database.

• Data Updation: It is used for the insertion, modification, and

deletion of the actual data in the database.

• Data Retrieval: It is used to retrieve the data from the database

which can be used by applications for various purposes.

• User Administration: It is used for registering and monitoring users,

maintain data integrity, enforcing data security, dealing with
concurrency control, monitoring performance and recovering
information corrupted by unexpected failure.
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Advantages of DBMS:
• Controls database redundancy: It can control data redundancy
because it stores all the data in one single database file and that
recorded data is placed in the database.
• Data sharing: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can
share the data among multiple users.
• Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the
centralized nature of the database system.
• Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need.
• Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create
automatic backup of data from hardware and software failures and
restores the data if required.
• Multiple user interface: It provides different types of user interfaces
like graphical user interfaces, application program interfaces
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Disadvantages of DBMS :
• Cost of Hardware and Software: It requires a high speed of data
processor and large memory size to run DBMS software.

• Size: It occupies a large space of disks and large memory to run

them efficiently.

• Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity and

requirements.

• Higher impact of failure: Failure is highly impacted the database

because in most of the organization, all the data stored in a single
database and if the database is damaged due to electric failure or
database corruption then the data may be lost forever.
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• Database System Environment:
• Database system refers to an Organization of components that
defines and regulate the,
• Collection
• Storage
• Management
• Use of data within the environment
• Database System Environment:
• 1.Hardware
• 2.Software
• 3.People
• 4.Procedure
• 5.Data
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1.Hardware:
• Hardware identifies all the system’s physical Devices.
• Computer is the main and most easily identified hardware
component of the database system environment.
2.Software:
Software refers to the collection of programs used by the computers
within the database system.
Three types of software:
2.1.Operating system software
2.2.DBMS Software
2.3.Application Program And utilities

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2.1.Operating system software:
Operating system software manages all hardware components and
makes it possible for all other software to run on the computer
Example:
DOS- Disk Operating System
2.2.DBMS Software:
Manages the database within system. Some Examples of DBMS
software include Microsoft’s Access and SQL Server.

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2.3.Application Program And utilities:
• It is used to access and manipulate the data in the DBMS and to
manage the computer environment in which data access and
manipulate takes place.
• Application programs are most commonly used to access data found
within the database to generate reports, tabulation and other
information to facilitate decision making.

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3.People:
• The components includes all users of the Database Systems.
• Identifying 5 types of users in Database System:

3.1.System Administrators
3.2.Database Administrators
3.3.Database Designers
3.4.System Analysts and Programmers
3.5.End Users

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3.1.System Administrators:
• Oversee the Database system’s General operations

3.2.Database Administrators:
• Also known as DBAs , manage the DBMSs use and ensure that the
database is functioning properly.
3.3.Database Designers:
• Design the Database structure. They are ,in effect, the database
Architects

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3.4.System Analysts and Programmers:
• Design and implement the application Programs.
• They designed and Create the data entry Screens, reports and
procedures through which end users access and manipulate
database’s data
3.5.End Users:
• Are the people who use the application programs to run the
Organization’s daily operations

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4.Procedure:
• Are the instructions and rules that govern the design and use of the
Database System.
• Procedures are critical.
• It plays an important role in a company, because they enforce the
standards by which business is conducted within the organization
and with customers.

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5.Data:

• The word “data” covers the collection of fact stored in the database.

Because new material from which information is generated.

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