AI PROJECT CYCLE

PROBLEM SCOPING

DATA ACQUISITION

DATA EXPLORATION

MODELLING

EVALUATION
 Why Project Cycle?
• The project lifecycle provides a structured approach for the delivery of
the project. This allows everyone working on the project to identify how
the project is progressing. Following step by step procedure is far better.
• Even risk of failure of the project is low .
• Using a standard life cycle model helps to define the work required for project and
also helps to calculate time and risk involvement for the same. This brings out the
effectiveness of the project implementation.
• Project Cycle is a step-by-step process to solve the problems using proven
scientific methods and drawing the inference about it.
 COMPONENTS OF PROJECT CYCLE

Problem Scoping Understanding the problem

Data Acquisition Collecting accurate and reliable data

Data Exploration Arranging the data uniformly

Modelling Creating Models from the data

Evaluation Evaluating the project

 PROBLEM SCOPING
“The problem scoping refers to the identification of a problem and the vision to solve it.”
• Problem Scoping is the first stage of the AI project cycle. In this stage of AI
development, problems will be identified. It is then followed by designing,
developing, or building, and finally testing the project.
• In AI project cycle everything will be failed if problem scoping is failed or without
appropriate problem scoping. Incorrect problem scoping also leads to failure of the
project as well.
• Whenever we are starting any work, certain problems always associated with the work
or process are there. Actually ,we are surrounded by problems! These problems can
be small or big, sometimes we ignore them, sometimes we need an urgent solution
otherwise your work will suffer.
 4Ws Problem Canvas(Problem Scoping)

WHO? WHAT? WHERE? WHY?

The 4Ws Problem canvas helps you in identifying the key elements related to the
problem.
 Who? (Who is having the problem or is associated with it)
The “Who” block helps you in analysing the people getting affected directly or
indirectly due to it. Under this, you find out who the ‘Stakeholders’ to this problem
are and what you know about them. Stakeholders are the people who face this
problem and would be benefitted with the solution.

• Who are the Stakeholders? (Think about the one’s who are having the problem
and benefitting from the solution)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• What do you know about them?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
 What?
• Under the “What” block, you need to look into what you have on hand. At this
stage, you need to determine the nature of the problem. What is the problem
and how do you know that it is a problem? Under this block, you also gather
evidence to prove that the problem you have selected actually exists.
Newspaper articles, Media, announcements, etc are some examples.

• What is the problem?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
• How do you know that it is a problem? (Is there any evidence?)
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
 Where? (Location)
• Now that you know who is associated with the problem and what the
problem is; you need to focus on the context/situation/location of the
problem. This block will help you investigate the situation in which the
problem arises, the context of it, and the locations where it is prominent.

• What is the context/ situation the stakeholders experience in the problem?

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Where is the problem located?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
 Why?
• You have finally listed down all the major elements that affect the problem directly. Now it is convenient
to understand who are the people that would be benefitted by the solution, what is to be solved; and
where will the solution be deployed. These three canvases now become the base of why you want to
solve this problem. Thus in the “Why” canvas, think about the benefits which the stakeholders would
get from the solution and how would it benefit them as well as the society.

• Why we need to solve the problem ?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• What are the benefits to the stakeholders after solving the problem?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
For Example,
The environment is your theme. So think about the various problems such as polluted air, water, and
land, etc.
Suppose you have selected an Agriculture theme, then there are various pesticides used in agriculture to
increase the productions, sowing and harvesting problems, etc.
Traffic is also one of the themes given in the handbook. Here you can think about traffic issues and to
reduce the accidents or any other related problem.

After understanding and writing the problems, set your goals, and make them your AI project target.
Write your goals for your selected theme.
Suppose you have selected theme of agriculture then write how AI will help farmers to solve their
problems.
1. Determine what will a good time for seeding?
2.Determine what will be a good time for harvesting?
3.Determine when and how much fertilizer will be applied to the selected crop?
Now think and apply the 4Ws strategy for each problem or goal.
our final problem statement will look likes the following table:
Who Stakeholders
Farmers, Fertilizer Producers, Labors, Tractor
Companies
What The problem, Issue, Need
Determine what will a good time for seeding or crop
harvesting?
When Context/Situation
Decide the mature age for the crop and determine its
time
Ideal Solution Benefits
Take the crop on time and supply against market
demand on time
PROBLEM SCOPING TEMPLATE
The Problem Statement Template
helps us to summarize all the key
points into one single.

Template so that in future, whenever

there is need to look back at the basis
of the problem, we can take a look at
the Problem Statement Template and
understand the key elements of it.
 DATA ACQUISITION

Data Acquisition consists of two words:

• Data : Data refers to the raw facts , figures, or piece of facts, or statistics collected for
reference or analysis.
• Acquisition: Acquisition refers to acquiring data for the project.

The stage of acquiring data from the relevant sources is known as data
acquisition.
 Data Features (What is Data Acquisition)
• Data features refer to the type of data you want to collect.
• If you want to make an Artificially Intelligent system which can predict the salary of
any employee based on his previous salaries, you would feed the data of his
previous salaries into the machine. This is the data with which the machine can be
trained. Now, once it is ready, it will predict his next salary efficiently. The previous
salary data here is known as Training Data while the next salary prediction data
set is known as the Testing Data.
• Training Data: The collected data through the system is known as training data. In
other words the input given by the user in the system can be considered as training
data. (previous data)
• Testing Data: The result data set or processed data is known as testing data. In
other words, the output of the data is known as testing data.(current data)
• The Training data needs to be relevant and authentic. if the previous salary data was
not authentic, that is, it was not correct, then too the prediction could have gone
wrong. Hence….
• For any AI project to be efficient, the training data should be authentic and relevant
to the problem statement scoped.
• Previous example, data features would be salary amount, increment percentage,
increment period, bonus, etc.
 Acquiring Data from reliable sources
• After mentioning the Data features, you get to know what sort of data is to be collected. Now, the
question arises- From where can we get this data? There can be various ways in which you can
collect data. Some of them are:

At the same time, we should keep in mind that the data which we collect is open-sourced and not
someone’s property. Extracting private data can be an offence. One of the most reliable and authentic
sources of information, are the open-sourced websites hosted by the government.
 System Map

• System Maps help us to find relationships between different elements of the

problem which we have scoped. It helps us in strategizing the solution for achieving
the goal of our project. Here is an example of a System very
familiar to you – Water Cycle.
• The Water Cycle
The concept of Water cycle is very simple to understand and is known to all. It
explains how water completes its cycle transforming from one form to another. It
also adds other elements which affect the water cycle in some way. The elements
which define the Water cycle system are:
Loopy Software
Let us draw the System Map for the Water Cycle now.
• In this System Map, all the elements of the Water cycle are put in circles. The map
here shows cause & effect relationship of elements with each other with the help of
arrows.
• The arrowhead depicts the direction of the effect and the sign (+ or -) shows their
relationship. If the arrow goes from X to Y with a + sign, it means that both are
directly related to each other.
• That is, If X increases, Y also increases and vice versa. On the other hand, If the
arrow goes from X to Y with a – sign, it means that both the elements are inversely
related to each other which means if X increases, Y would decrease and vice versa.
• + directly proportional
• - inversly proprtional
 DATA EXPLORATION

• To interpret some useful information out of the data you have acquired and try
to put it uniformly for a better understanding.
• After data collection, we begin with extracting useful information.
• Did we get the correct data according to our specifications?
• Is the data in good condition – statistically valid, free of errors, missing ,
multiple copies and omissions?
• Data Exploration refers to the techniques and tools used to visualize data
through complex statistical methods.
• Data Exploration is the process of arranging the gathered
data uniformly for a better understanding. Data can be
arranged in the form of a table, plotting a chart or making
database.
• If we simplify this Data Exploration means that the data
which we collected in Data Acquisition, in Data Exploration
we need to arrange it for example if we have data of 50
students in a class, we have their Mobile Number, Date of
Birth, Class, Etc .
Advantages of Data Visualization
•A better understanding of data
•Provides insights into data
•Allows user interaction
•Provide real-time analysis
•Help to make decisions
•Reduces complexity of data
•Provides the relationships and patterns contained within data
•Define a strategy for your data model
•Provides an effective way of communication among users

When we get a set of data in our hands, spending time to explore it will help us to get a
sense of the trends, relationships and patterns present in the data. It will also help
us better decide on which model/models to use in the subsequent AI Project Cycle
stage. We use visualization as a method because it is much easier to comprehend
information quickly and communicate the story to others.
• Explore different types of graphs used in data visualization and will be able to
find trends and patterns out of it.
• To explore various data visualization techniques, visit this link:
https://datavizcatalogue.com
 MODELLING

Modelling is the process in which different models based on the visualized

data can be created and even checked for the advantages and disadvantages of the
model.
 Artificial
Intelligence

Machine Learning

Deep Learning

• As you can see in the Venn Diagram, Artificial Intelligence is the umbrella
terminology which covers machine and deep learning under it and Deep Learning
comes under Machine Learning. It is a funnel type approach where there are a lot of
applications of AI out of which few are those which come under ML out of which very
few go into DL.
• Artificial Intelligence, or AI for short, refers to any technique that enables computers
to mimic human intelligence. An artificially intelligent machine works on algorithms
and data fed to it and gives the desired output.

• ML: Machine Learning, or ML, enables machines to improve at tasks with experience.
The machine learns from its mistakes and takes them into consideration in the next
execution. It improvises itself using its own experiences.

• DL: Deep Learning, or DL, enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast
amounts of data. In deep learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data
which helps it into training itself around the data. Such machines are intelligent
enough to develop algorithms for themselves. Deep Learning is the most advanced
form of Artificial Intelligence out of these three. Then comes Machine Learning which
is intermediately intelligent and Artificial Intelligence covers all the concepts and
algorithms which, in some way or the other mimic human intelligence.
 Generally, AI models can be classified as follows:

Machine
Learning
Learning
Based

Deep Learning
AI Models

Ruled Based
 Classification of Models into Rule-based
approach and Learning approach.

• Rule-Based Approach: Rule Based Approach refers to the AI modeling where the
relationship or patterns in data are defined by the developer. The machine follows the
rules or instructions mentioned by the developer, and performs its task accordingly
• Learning Based Approach: Refers to the AI modelling where the relationship or pattern in
data are not defined by the developer., random data is fed to the machine and it is left
on the machine to figure out patterns and trends out of it. Generally this approach is
followed when the data is unlabelled and too random for a human to make sense out of
it. Thus, the machine looks at the data, tries to extract similar features out of it and
clusters same datasets together. In the end as output, the machine tells us about the
trends which it observed in the training data.
For example, suppose you have a dataset
comprising of 100 images of apples and 100
images of bananas. To train your machine,
you
feed this data into the machine and label
each image as either apple or banana. Now
if you
test the machine with the image of an apple,
it will compare the image with the trained
data
and according to the labels of trained
images, it will identify the test image as an
apple. This
is known as Rule based approach. The rules
given to the machine in this example are the
labels given to the machine for each image
in the training dataset.
For example, suppose you have a dataset of
1000 images of random stray dogs of your
area. Now you do not have any clue as to
what trend is being followed in this dataset
as you don’t know their breed, or colour or
any other feature. Thus, you would put this
into a learning approach based AI machine
and the machine would come up with
various patterns it has observed in the
features of these 1000 images. It might
cluster the data on the basis of colour, size,
fur style, etc. It might also come up with
some very unusual clustering algorithm
which you might not have even thought of!
 Evaluation

• Once our model is completed and evaluated for accuracy.

• We also need to make sure the model is continuing to perform well.
• As you move towards deploying your model in the real-world, you test it in as
many ways as possible. The stage of testing the models is known as Evaluation.
In this stage, we evaluate each and every model tried and choose the model
which gives the most efficient and reliable results.